Religion in rome was about a personal relationship with the

Question

Question 1. When the authors write that: "DNA studies suggest that Neanderthals are not directly related to modern humans", and that "Their subspecies appears to be at a dead end", they are saying that perhaps some evidence could appear someday to contradict this assumption.

Question 2. Unfortunately for the people of the late Paleolithic Era, they spent so much time on all-consuming quests to provide for the necessities of life that they had no time to develop speech, religion and artistic expression.

Question 3 'Sedentarization' means settling down in one general area and engaging in some form of agriculture.

Question 4 The real revolutionary aspect of agriculture was not that it was 'portable' but that more people could then not have to sweat it out under the hot sun all day and could engage in non-farming activities such as too-making, pottery and weaving.

Question 5 Among the earliest religions of agricultural societies, male gods dominate, with little or no evidence of the presence of female deities. This suggests that security rather than fertility was the most important focus of society.

Question 6 Mesopotamia's organized civilization grew in large part because the administrative need to plan and mobilize labor in order to control the irrigation systems and make agriculture possible.

Question 7 The Epic of Gilgamesh describes the walls of the city of Uruk which were over five miles long and were protected by some 900 semicircular towers.

Question 8 Religious leaders in Uruk had no role in conferring legitimacy to the rulers and were not represented in the upper classes of society which were essentially all about trade and military strength.

Question 9 When it came to the status of women, civilization represented a step down for them from the time during the Neolithic period in which women enjoyed roughly the same roles and status as men.

Question 10 Government and temple administrators in Mesopotamia invented writing, not to keep track of their animals, goods and trade, but to record primarily their myths and their legal system: the Code of Hammurabi.

Question 11 Women in Egypt could own property, conduct business, enter contracts and bring lawsuits. This was possible because they were able to receive the same formal education as the males.

Question 12 Egyptian kings were believed to be divine incarnations of the gods Horus, Ra or Osiris, and their purpose as gods-on-earth was to care for their people and preserve justice and harmony.

Question 13 Egyptian kings were both controlled by as well as supported by religious tradition.

Question 14 Ramses II (1289-1224 B.C.E.) checked Hittite expansion with an overwhelming and crushing defeat of the Hittite

kingdom at the Battle of Kadesh.

Question 15 Among the ancient Hebrews, unlike other less enlightened surrounding tribes, treated their women as equals to their men.

Question 16 The story of the great flood in the Hebrew Bible is both original and unique to the Hebrews.

Question 17 The Israelites took advantage of a vacuum of power between the Egyptians and the Hittites to ravage and destroy some areas of Canaan in the name of their tribal god Yahweh.

Question 18 The reason that the kingdom of Israel was formed was to consolidate the loosely organized confederation of tribes into a force capable of defeating their chief enemy the Philistines.

Question 19 The strong kingdoms of Judah and Israel were able to maintain their independence for about six hundred years under their own dynastic kings.

Question 20 It would be reasonable to claim that Tiglath-pileser used state terrorism in order to control his population and smother the likelihood of revolt.

Question 21 Tiglath-pileser combined military and religious ideology to make warfare the mission and duty of all.

Question 22 The first 'true empire', the Assyrian Empire, was noted for having built an administrative system by which they could rule over their conquered peoples.

Question 23  The city walls in the New Babylonian Empire were very strong and continually tested by would-be invaders, and in 539 B.C.E. a Persian army was battered and destroyed before the walls.

Question 24 The Babylonians would have had greater success had they just modeled their imperial system after the Assyrians.

Question 25 The earliest cave paintings in Europe were produced by peoples who lived by hunting game and gathering edible plants. In this respect, they differed from humans everywhere else who lived their lives quite differently.

II

Question 1 In Greece, sexual behavior was more about a person's power relationship in society, with the socially more powerful

citizens tending to sexually exploit the relatively lower-ranking members of society.

Question 2 There is ample evidence to deduce that the powerful warrior civilization of the Mycenaeans ruled all of the area of Greece in the time before the Greek Dark Ages.

Question 3 During the period called the Greek Dark Ages, iron began replacing bronze as the most common metal for tools and weapons.

Question 4 Between 1200 until 800 B.C.E. the Aegean world experienced a period of great literary, philosophical and scientific enlightenment.

Question 5 The basic result of the reforms of Cleisthenes was the destruction of older social and political patterns and the integration of people from different backgrounds who then had to work together and find common solutions.

Question 6 In contrast to the alphabet that the Greeks borrowed from the Phoenicians, the central purpose of Mycenaean writing was administrative record-keeping.

Question 7 Throughout its history, Athenian society was always hampered socially because it was never based upon the existence of a free peasantry.

Question 8 In the eighth century B.C.E., Greek polis experienced a disastrous fall in population, leading to the near extinction of some of the early states.

Question 9 According to the authors of your textbook, bisexuality was the norm in Greek society.

Question 10 In Sparta, the krypteia were a band of youths who practiced state terrorism, killing helots as a rite of passage into adult citizenship.

Question 11 The Greek myths were explanations of the origins of the natural world around them and also served to support Greek social, political and religious traditions.

Question 12 Although they are traditionally ascribed to someone named Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey were actually the work of performers who composed poetic lines as they chanted.

Question 13 Sparta's basic military advantage was that it could both control a large-sized empire in the Aegean while at the same time insure that the helots at home were kept by terror and violence from revolting.

Question 14 The geography of ancient Greece favored the development of small agricultural societies, but also drove the Greeks to reach out to other areas under pressure for survival.

Question 15 The history of Corinth suggests that tyrants were sometimes extremely popular and produced many positive results, but that they could also be cruel and violent.

Question 16 The authors of your text claim that the democratization of Greek political life was a gradual effect of the democratization of war.

Question 17 Around 1200 B.C.E., a general collapse of the Greek city states occurred due to their economic and social instability as well as becoming affected by the larger disruptions of commerce and security in the Mediterranean because of the fall of the Hittites and troubles in Egypt.

Question 18 Equality of life was shared as much by Spartans as Athenians with a general sense of democratic equality being shared by the inhabitants of both polis.

Question 19 Greeks generally included women in important public roles and in the central life of the community.

Question 20 The term 'tyrant' originally meant a conquering foreign ruler who achieved power by using foreign hoplite armies to invade a polis and set up an unpopular regime based upon extremely violent methods. The word 'Tyrant' was never used in the same sense as 'king' as kingship implied legitimacy.

Question 21 Greek sculpture emphasized of the male subject of the work which became noted for its rigid imitation of Egyptian forms, though it failed in the sense that it tended to lack originality and individual expression.

Question 22 Minoan society, the authors claim, was destroyed not by invasions, but with the eruption of a powerful volcano on the Island of Thera.

Question 23 Athens was by far the largest polis in the Greek world.

Question 24 All things considered, Greek gods pretty much just reflected the values and weaknesses of the Greeks themselves, and like literacy and government, were generally accessible to all citizens and not the exclusive domain of the secretive priesthood of some religious cult.

chap 3

Question 1 At its height, the city of Athens had more slaves than citizens.

Question 2 The Pelopponesian War demonstrated the positive effects of unity among the Greek cities, reduced class tensions and

created an enhanced appreciation of both democracy and traditional elites.

Question 3 Freedom in Periclean Athens was based both upon individualism, as it is today in America, as well as an emphasis on

achieving both social and economic equality.

Question 4 Empiricism, whose greatest champion was Aristotle, is a philosophy rooted in the physical observation of the natural

world.

Question 5 During the Hellenistic period, the great city of Alexandria in Egypt became the cultural center for Greek art, science and scholarship in the known world.

Question 6 In confronting the advancing armies of Persia, Greek city states did not weigh their own local interests first, but were

primarily motivated by patriotism and love of freedom.

Question 7 The Cynics (cynically) thought that materialism was the source of happiness and that by working hard and earning

material things, that a responsible individual could achieve greater personal freedom and have more choices in life.

Question 8 Athenian imperialism made possible for Athens to become extremely wealthy and powerful. But this was accomplished at the cost of her allies, who were themselves denied the same political freedoms and rights and economically and militarily exploited by their democratic Athenian 'protector'.

Question 9 In terms of science, the Hellenistic period was a disappointment with few new ideas or inventions that may have enhanced our knowledge or appreciation of the natural world.

Question 10 The Athenian victory at Marathon confirmed that the hoplite phalanx was the finest infantry formation in the Mediterranean world.

Question 11 To Plato, it was best that philosophers rule over others in society because unlike common ignorant and deluded citizens, philosophers are the only ones capable of understanding reality.

Question 12 According to the Stoics, there is no divinely ordered universe, that people must deal with the reality of natural anarchy, and that evil is a consequence of people becoming locked into delusional concepts about 'their place in the 'divine plan'.p.79

Question 13 The real goal of the Epicureans was not so much the emphasis on seeking pleasure, but on reducing needless desires to just those that were simple and attainable.

Question 14 The reason why Xerxes retreated back to Persia after the Battle of Salamis was because his land army had been completely destroyed, he failed to attract any Greek allies, and his fighting techniques were not as effective as the Greek hoplite phalanx.

Question 15 Because Athenian democracy was pretty much run by amateurs, public life was dominated by the most effective speakers, the demagogues, who could sway crowds (and votes) with their rhetoric even though they held no elected office.

Question 16 Hellenism combined the eastern aspects of centralized governments ruled over by kings together with traditional Greek urban cultural life to produce a hybrid system with features of both civilizations.

Question 17 The life of a female in classical Greece resembled little the life of a woman in America today because females then were required to be under the constant protection of a male guardian and spend most of their social lives confined to restricted parts of the home.

Question 18 Alexander of Macedon, is remembered more as a conqueror than as a ruler probably because he died at the age of 32, after having proven just what a terrible ruler he was likely to be given his alcoholic binges, homosexual lifestyle and cruel and racist treatment of the Persians at all levels of society.

Question 19 The only people who could legally own land in Attica were the metoikoi, or metics.

Question 20 The first true history, because it sought to explain things such as motives and circumstances, was Herodotus' history: historia, about the origins and events surrounding the conflict between the Greeks and the Persians.

chap 3

Question 1 Contributing greatly to Rome's initial success was a combination of ruthlessness in war combined with a relative generosity in victory towards the defeated peoples of the Italian Peninsula.

Question 2 The Roman Senate was much like the US Senate, an assembly of elected officials, mostly quite young, elected for limited terms by an enfranchised electorate.

Question 3 In the Roman republic, power was shared at every level by two or more equals who were elected for fixed terms, and at the top were two consuls each selected for one-year terms.

Question 4 Religion in Rome was about a personal relationship with the gods and was an essentially private activity carried out wherever the numina required worship.

Question 5 In the end, Rome won its wars over Carthage because they were able to bury class differences, retain the loyalty of most of their allies, and because they had gifted commanders such as Scipio Africanus.

Question 6 The Etruscan civilization began to weaken after they lost control of the sea, and on land were challenged by the growing populations of Celts to the North and Romans to the South.

Question 7 The two basic social classes in Roman society were the plebes and the equites.

Question 8 Sometime around 800 B.C. E. the Italic peoples were moving onto and settling the Italian Peninsula. At the same time, the Phoenicians began arriving and building their own cities on the coast of North Africa and on Sicily.

Question 9 The foundation for Roman republican government originated in Etruscan assemblies that had combined in order to prevent any one individual from taking power.

Question 10 Based upon Roman foundation myths, we know that Rome was actually settled by the twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, who became the clan fathers of all the Roman gentes.

Question 11 In Rome, to 'exercise the imperium' meant to deploy Roman forces beyond the traditional boundaries of the Roman state.

Question 12 "Greater Greece" refers to the collection of Greek colonies that populated the lower half of the Italian Peninsula and on the Island of Sicily.

Question 13 Because Etruscan women played, like Greek women, a very passive and hidden role in society, Greeks generally considered Etruscan women to be much more civilized that either Roman or Carthaginian women who they thought were rather lewd.

Question 14 Each of the Roman gentes was headed by a paterfamilias who had the authority of life or death over every member of the family.

Question 15 Rome won the First Punic War after 20 years of slugging it out with Carthage, mostly because they had already destroyed Greece and could do so without worrying about their eastern flank.

Question 16 For Romans, the ideal soldier was a farmer who served the state and then returned to work his farm.

Question 17 Roman mothers were never legally related to their children, and wives and mothers were not fully a part of their husband's families.

Question 18 The Etruscan civilization was the first to develop into a centralized empire on the Italian Peninsula, and it was this highly organized and tightly knit empire that was able to project its power to defeat Carthage.

Question 19 Carthage depended upon its vast land-based empire for protection of its commercial empire and because of their complete inability to compete at sea, was unable to become either stable or prosperous.

Question 20 In second century Rome, the corruption of extortion, bribe-taking and dishonest contractors symbolized the decline of Roman republican virtues.