1. Reconstruct the politics or culture of Polish Jews before World War II. In what ways did their political or cultural viewpoints shape Jewish responses to persecution?
2. The Jewish Labor Bund defined the Ashkenazi (Yiddish-speaking) Jews as a culture nation, whereas the Zionists sought a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Situate these conflicting definitions of nationhood into the contexts of East European Jewish life, the struggles with antisemitism in the Polish Second Republic, and the interwar concepts of nationalism.
Please answer the following questions.