Question 1: Name the four parameters that govern the tropism of a virus. Use 1-2 words for each parameter.
Question 2: Match the following viruses with their primary route of entry.
Answer
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Influenza Virus
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Rhinovirus
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Human Papilloma Virus
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Polio Virus
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Answer
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A.
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Skin
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B.
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Alimentary tract
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C.
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Respiratory Tract
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D.
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Urogenital tract
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E.
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Eyes
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Question 3The release of infectious virions from a host is called _____ while the presence of infectious viral particles in the bloodstream is called ________
Answer?
Question 4: Visit the CDC Seasonal Influenza website (link in LU8 Assignments folder). For the 2012-13 influenza season, what was the peak week for number if influenza positive specimens reported to CDC.
Answer
A. 2012 Week 46
B. 2012 Week 50
C. 2013 Week 2
D. 2013 Week 5
E. 2013 Week 8
Question 5: Using information at the CDC Influenza website, What is the most prevalent strain of influenza that is circulating in the 2012-13 flu season (Select one)?
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A.
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Influenza A H1N1
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B.
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Influenza A H3N2
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C.
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Influenza A H5N1
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D.
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Influenza A H7N2
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E.
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Influenza B
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Question 6: Health Map is an excellent website (www.healthmap.org) for visualizing reports of infectious disease outbreaks globally. Using the advanced search function of the website, you can search for the reported outbreaks on an infectious disease for any given time period. Ebola virus infections are viewed in the popular press and culture as the most scary of infectious diseases. Use health map to identify which country below had the most reported cases of Ebola infection for the year 2012 (Select one).
Answer
A. Sudan
B. Canada
C. China
D. Nigeria
E. Uganda
Question 7: In 3-4 sentences, explain why most enveloped viruses are transmitted by respiratory or bodily secretions, but not by the fecal-oral routes common with non-enveloped viruses.
Question 8: The figure below depicts the process of virus [x] in which a virlent virus is serially passaged in another host species to reduce the virulence.What is the name of this process depicted below.
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Question 9: A strain of avian influenza (H7N9) has recently emerged in China that is responsible for a number of deaths. A recent paper has characterized the features of the H7N9 Anhui virus that contribute to its transmission to humans and severe pathogenesis. The figure below depicts a glycan analysis in which the ability of various Influenza A virus strains to bind to various types of sialic acid is determined. Which of the strains below would you expect to be best able to replicate in humans and adapt to humans (select one)?
A. Vietnam 1203
B. Shanghai/1
C. Hangzhou 1
D. Kawasaki/173
Question 10: The avian influenza can be mildly pathogenic in birds and only replicate in a limited number of sites (left diagram, replication sites indicated as stars). With highly pathogenic strains, the virus can replicate in multiple organs throughout the organism (right diagram). Explain properties the influenza virus can evolve to alter its tropism to develop highly pathogenic strains (limit 4-6 senence).
Question 11: Neurotropic viruses are unique in that they can only infect cells of the nervous system
a. True b. False
Question 12: There are many lines of evidence that support the Human Immunodeficiency Virus as the infectious agent that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Fulfilling all of Koch's Postulates is a clinical/scientific standard for demonstrating the infectious etiology of a disease. In the early 1980's, many hemophiliacs that were treated with pooled plasma from many donors developed AIDS. This observation would provide strong evidence for which of Koch's Postulates?
Answer
A. Postulate 1
B. Postulate 2
C. Postulate 3
D. Postulate 4
Question 13: Match the following mechanisms with their route of entry for viruses
Answer
Endocytic activity of M-cells
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Insect Bite
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Abrasions in vaginal epithelium
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Dirt that causes abrasion of conjuctiva
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Answer
A. Skin
B. Eyes
C. Alimentary
D. Urogenital
Question 14: The Sendai virus causes a highly localized infection in epithelial cell lining of the lungs, while a single point mutation in the virus can cause a disseminated/systemic infection. Which of the following best describes a reason the mutation could lead to systemic spread (select one)?
Answer
A. The mutation causes increased affinity for the host receptor
B. The mutation prevents crossing of the Blood-Brain barrier.
C. The mutation causes the the virus to be released from both the apical and basolateral sides of the polarized epithelial cells in the lungs.
D. The mutant virus does not bind the host receptor
E. The mutation causes the virus to only be relased from the apical side of polarized epithelial cells.
Question 15: Which of the following would enhance the ability of a virus to be pantropic (select all that apply)?
Answer
A. Being easily overcome by physical and innate immune defenses
B. Using a rarely expressed receptor to gain cell entry.
C. Having few specific requirements for intracellular gene products to complete infection
D. Having extensive and specfic requirements for intracellular gene products to complete infection
E. Using a ubiquitously expressed receptor for cell entry