Propane boilers are a common technology for domestic heating, and have a typical energy efficiency of 90%. The chemical formula of propane is C3H8, its lower heating value is 50,400 kJ/kg, and its carbon content by mass is 82%:
a) How many kmol of CO2 are generated by the combustion of 1 kmol of propane?
b) What are the direct CO2 emissions for 1 MJ of heat generated by a propane boiler (units: kg of CO2 per MJ of combusted propane)?