Assignment Task:
Summarize "The transdermal delivery of drugs is achieved by the percutaneous absorption of the substance, eventually reaching systemic therapeutic levels comparable with systemic administration. Therefore, transdermal drugs can be administered far from the area of pain and can cause adverse effects similar to systemic medication. Examples of transdermal agents are a sustained-release nicotine patch and long-acting fentanyl patch system. Despite the word 'transdermal,' the effect is primarily 'systemic' [6]. Transdermal delivery of medications serves as a reservoir within or adjacent to the skin, gradually releasing the substance into the systemic circulation leading to significant delays before reaching maximum plasma concentrations, making it a poor choice for sudden exacerbation of chronic pain or acute pain treatment [7]. Conversely, topical drugs target the underlying soft tissue and peripheral nerves at the application site. They exert their therapeutic action at the application site by penetrating the skin via passive diffusion [8]. Topical medications can accumulate at therapeutic concentrations within the local tissue to which they are applied while maintaining a low plasma concentration [8]. Due to the low systemic concentration, topical drugs do not cause adverse systemic reactions or interactions between drugs. Topical medications can potentially have similar efficacy to oral formulations on a locally applied site without the associated systemic side effects." Need Assignment Help?