Assignment task:
Respond to this DQ answer. Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys, potentially obstructing the urinary tract. The pathophysiology of kidney stone formation begins when urine becomes supersaturated with salts, especially calcium, oxalate, and phosphate. In an adult male, factors like dehydration, high dietary intake of sodium or protein, and low fluid intake can predispose individuals to stone formation. The initial stage involves the formation of microscopic crystals, which then aggregate and grow over time. If untreated, these stones can increase in size and cause obstruction of the renal pelvis or ureter, leading to pain and potential kidney damage. Clinical manifestations include sudden, severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, and dysuria. The pain typically occurs when the stone moves through the renal pelvis or ureter, a condition known as renal colic. The presence of blood in the urine (hematuria) results from injury to the urinary tract lining by the stone. Complications can include infection (pyelonephritis), hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney), chronic kidney disease, or, in severe cases, kidney failure due to prolonged obstruction. Prognosis largely depends on the size of the stone and how quickly it is treated. Stones less than 5 mm in diameter often pass on their own, while larger stones may require medical intervention. Need Assignment Help?