Problem:
In France, Article 49.3, relating to confidence votes on overall policies or on a specific bill, proved to be very controversial for the power that it grants the government to bypass parliament, and so in 2008, a constitutional amendment ______. a. limited the use of this article to once in each parliamentary session b. mandated an absolute majority of deputies to pass a censure motion c. excluded abstentions by deputies from being counted as votes d. rendered it powerless in matters involving finances or security