Problem: A 26-year-old African-American man has had a history of painful abdominal crises for the past 20 years. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings. Laboratory studies include a hemoglobin electrophoresis that shows 96% Hgb S, 3% Hgb A2, and 1% Hgb F. Which of the following renal pathologic abnormalities is he most likely to develop? Question Select one: a. Papillary necrosis b. Medullary sponge kidney c. Necrotizing vasculitis d. Nephrocalcinosis e. Chronic glomerulonephritis