CLAUSE TYPES
In the following passages, identify all verb forms and the phrase/clause structures in which they are embedded.
Over the past several decades, research has documented strong relationships between social class and children's cognitive abilities. These initial cognitive differences, which are substantial at school entry, increase as children progress through school. Despite the robust findings associated with this research, authors have generally neglected the extent to which school absenteeism exacerbates social class differences in academic development among young children. Using growth-curve analyses within a three-level hierarchical linear modeling framework, this study employs data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K) to examine the links between children's social class, school absences, and academic growth during kindergarten and first grade. Results suggest that the effects of schooling on cognitive development are stronger for lower socioeconomic status (SES) children and that the findings associated with theories of summer learning loss are applicable to literacy development during early elementary school. Indeed, although they continue to achieve at lower absolute levels, socioeconomically disadvantaged children who have good attendance rates gain more literacy skills than their higher SES peers during kindergarten and first grade.
Arthur Conan Doyle, a young physician in general practice in the provinces who had published some fiction, dashed to Berlin in November 1890 to attend and report on a demonstration of what had been eagerly announced as a new cure for tuberculosis, discovered by Robert Koch. This event is examined as a crisis point in Conan Doyle's career, and his various accounts of the episode scrutinized for what they show about his understanding of, and participation in, the discourses and professions of science and of letters, the kinds of knowledge they produce, and the sorts of responsibilities they entail. The Berlin experience, which exposed him to the workings of the scientific profession at the highest levels, was to be a crucial moment in the formation of Conan Doyle as man of letters.
This article looks at a year-long network-based exchange between two groups of student-teachers in Spain and the USA, who were involved in various network-based collaborative activities as part of their teaching education. Their online interaction was facilitated through diverse communicative modes such as Skype, Moodle, Voicethread and Second Life (SL). It was found that the participants' interaction with their distanced partners varied according to the available communication modes as they constructed 'membership' identities in the virtual interaction. The analysis hints at the need to reconsider what 'intercultural' means within a 'third space'.
Congolese militia leader Bosco Ntaganda appears at the International Criminal Court on Monday charged with war crimes and other atrocities in a hearing that will be a test for the global legal institution after a string of troubled cases. Ntaganda is accused of crimes against humanity and war crimes including murder and rape, all allegedly committed during a 2002-03 conflict in the mineral-rich east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. He has yet to enter a plea. The court, 11 years old this year, has handed down just one conviction - jailing another Congolese warlord, Thomas Lubanga, for 14 years in 2012 for using child soldiers. Ntaganda, who is believed to be aged around 41, handed himself in to the US embassy in the Rwandan capital Kigali last March after a 15-year career as a commander in a series of rebellions in Congo's Ituri province. Shortly after his arrival in The Hague, stretched prosecutors asked for time to rebuild a case which had been dormant during five years Ntaganda spent on the run. At Monday's confirmation of charges hearing, the lawyers will lay out their arguments that the evidence they have marshalled is strong enough to merit a full trial. The session will be a test of chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda's promise that cases will be "trial ready" by the time they come to court - an implicit response to criticisms by academics and member states of earlier cases which collapsed when judges ruled evidence was not strong enough. Judges are due to decide over the next few weeks whether to suspend their most high profile current case - against Kenya's president on charges of orchestrating violence following 2007 elections - after prosecutors said several witnesses had withdrawn. Uhuru Kenyatta denies the charges. Two other prominent figures facing charges - Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir and Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, son of the ousted Libyan leader - remain beyond the court's reach because their countries refuse to surrender them. Wars in Congo have killed about five million people in the past decade and a half, and many eastern areas are still afflicted by violence from a number of rebel groups despite a decade-long UN peacekeeping mission.
The writings of Indians in English provide a rich ground to explore the ways in which travelers and migrants from India to England relate to the realities of the place and to their place in it. Language and the literary education that characterized English education in India during colonial times play an important role in the construction of identity of such Indians. The love and idealization of an 'imagined' England constructed from literary texts, and the encounter with reality upon travel to England, are depicted in many fictional and autobiographical accounts. Focusing on a sample of such texts from the 1950s to the 1970s, this paper looks at representations of the first-hand experience of England for those who identify themselves with Englishness on the strength of their intellectual and emotional connection with it through love for the language and literature. The study yields interesting insights that may have implications for current movements of people across the globalized world, with shared language and education as their 'intellectual' passport and a confident sense of identity and belonging with the West and its culture, based on 'familiarity' acquired through a shared language and images derived from ubiquitous media sources.
According to the orthodox view, it is impossible to know how different people's preferences compare in terms of strength and whether they are interpersonally comparable at all. Against the orthodox view, Donald Davidson argues that the interpersonal comparability of preferences is a necessary condition for the correct interpretation of other people's behavior. In this paper I claim that, as originally stated, Davidson's argument does not succeed because it is vulnerable to several objections, including Barry Stroud's objection against all transcendental arguments of a 'strong' kind. However, I argue that Davidson's strategy can still achieve results of anti-skeptical significance. If we reformulate Davidson's argument as a 'modest' transcendental argument and if we embrace an 'internal' account of epistemic justification, it is in fact possible to have at least justified beliefs about how different people's preferences compare in terms of strength and about their interpersonal comparability.
This chapter illustrates the richness of cognitive experience that the technique of fictional narration offers to the understanding of economic realities. Metaphors were widespread in the history of economic thought as an instrument used both for didactic purposes and to shape fundamental ideas. Economists should not be surprised at the complex relationship of novelistic metaphors to reality since they themselves are accustomed to maintain that their own scientific explanations are parables, offering insights without mimicking real markets. Economic theory has never aimed at a detailed historical picture or photograph of contemporary economic realities. In current research practice, economic theorists defend a loose, free relationship between the stories they tell and the plain evidence of the facts or historical evidence of the past. The damage inflicted on contemporary Western culture by scientist totalitarianism is indeed widespread, whereas the real need is to recognize the variety of languages in cognitive activity, and to accept the fact that their inner vitality and manifold modes of expression stand in the way of any simple ordering in imperial hierarchies. As scholars, economists should open their minds to the other languages of culture and keep the dialogue going.
For the nearly 5 million people who live along the U.S. coasts from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico and the West Coast, rising seas fueled by global warming have doubled the risk of so-called once-a-century floods, according to a trio of environmental reports released on Wednesday. These new reports - one from the non-profit group Climate Central and two others published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters - offer a detailed picture of where the most severe risks are along coastlines of the contiguous 48 states. Based on 2010 U.S. Census population data and a fresh analysis of high tide lines by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Climate Central report's findings can be seen online at surgingseas.org
Some 300 Syrians have fled Homs after both sides agreed to extend a three-day truce in the Old City, which has been under siege for 18 months. The Syrian Red Crescent confirmed the latest evacuations on Twitter. Hundreds of civilians were allowed to leave at the weekend after the local governor agreed a truce with the UN. Meanwhile, government and opposition negotiators have resumed peace talks in Geneva. Analysts say that little progress is expected. The tide of people continued - elderly men and women on stretchers or crutches, exhausted mothers in tears, children who went straight into the arms of waiting aid officials from the UN and the Syrian Arab Red Crescent Society. Water, bread, even polio vaccinations were provided on the spot. Many residents who have finally escaped speak of having only grass and olives to eat. Today, the temporary ceasefire wasn't shattered by mortar attacks and gunfire that temporarily halted but did not stop a humanitarian mission at the weekend. But here in Damascus fighting caused the suspension of another food distribution in the besieged suburb of Yarmouk. These breakthroughs are small glimmers of light in a dark and devastating war. But they are only a start. Only a peace deal will end Syria's humanitarian crisis, and for now, there is no sign of that. The opposition wants the government to commit in writing to the 2012 Geneva Communique, which called for the formation of a transitional administration with full executive authority. President Bashar al-Assad's government has ruled out any transfer of power. The first round of talks ended last month with no firm agreements and both sides trading insults. The second round opened on Monday with preliminary discussions aimed at thrashing out an agenda, but the two sides have not yet met face-to-face. Syria's civil conflict has claimed more than 100,000 lives since 2011 and has driven 9.5 million people from their homes. During the first three-day ceasefire in Homs, hundreds of civilians were allowed to leave. The evacuations took place amid mortar fire and shooting, which both sides blamed on each other. Activists say several people were killed. Although the situation in Homs was discussed during the first round of talks in Geneva, the truce was actually agreed between Homs governor Talal Barazi and the UN resident co-ordinator in Syria.