Which is writing 13 daily journals each journal 7 to 8 sentences in the end of each journal u have to write your philosophical opinion based on the ideiaology somehow-
Philosophy Proper
Metaphysics - Inquiry into reality; ask what is reality? What is the nature of reality?
Epistemology - Inquiry into knowledge; asks how do we know what we know?
Ethics - inquiry into morality/right and wrong (virtue and vice).
Logic - inquiry into propositions and language
Aesthetics - inquiry into beauty and the good
Religion - inquiry into religious experience and the nature of religious symbols.
Political and Social Philosophy - inquiry into society and the role of the individual in society.
Worldview - way in which a person/community takes up the world.
- Norms - customs, traditions: Socially accepted ideas, beliefs of what should and should not be done.
- Value(s) - instrumental; sentimental; intellectual; moral
- Symbols/Symbolic Imagination
o No pure experience qua experience. All experience is mediated under certain symbols.
Epistemological Starting Point tend to be more "naturalistic"; empiricist (knowledge grounded in experience).
Metaphysical starting point tend to be more "rationalistic"; knowledge is based on ideas. More open to traditional THEISM.
Allegory of the Cave
Plato (459 BCE) - Early Athens/Greece
Platonic Metaphysics
- Emphasis is on Education
o What is education?
Knowledge of the Good/Forms.
• Forms/Universal Ideas already in the Soul
• Soul exists in the world of Forms prior to being born in the world of Flux.
o Two Worlds Thesis
Heraclitus - Empiricism
• World of Flux - Life inside the Cave- unenlightened
o Impermanence
Nothing stays the same
World around us is real
Parmenides - rationalism
• World of Forms - Life outside the Cave-Enlightenment
o Ideas are real
Plato Marries these two perspectives
• Sides more with Parmenides
o Ideas are real; eternal; unchanging.
o World of flux is more illusionary.
Plato is more rationalist than empiricist
• Dualism - marrying of two opposing views
o Metaphysical
Two dimensions/realms of reality in which positive value is assigned to one and negative value is assigned to the other.
• Allegory of Cave is example of this
o Substance
Object has two substances one opposing the other; positive value is assigned to one substance and negative value is assigned to the other.
• Flesh vs Spirit is an example of this
o Knowledgeof the Good is "Good"
o Ignorance is Evil
Is there such a thing as altruism? Or are people really just egoistic/self-centered and only out for their own good?
• If the latter, Socrates argues there are no good people.
o His position is that there are good people. Good people are those who have cultivated proper habits of excellence and do good regardless of external circumstances.
Leads to Either/Or Thinking
- Argument by Analogy
Value of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
- No definite answers
- What can be known
- About questions rather than answers
- Living with a Sense of possibility
o Faith
o Imagining the way the world can be
Only based on the way the world is.
Sense of time (time consciousness - past, present, future).
- Dogmatic assurance - this is the enemy.
o Attitude
Being RIGHT!!
• Others are Wrong
o Enemy because
Completely closes conversation
Impediment to good reasoning
• Laziness in thinking
- Intellectual imagination
o Philosophy opens us up to "the more" of experience.
- Unity with the Universe
o Being a part of the more; a part of something larger.
Dogmatist in the end is solitary
• No desire to be tolerant an open minded
• Misunderstands the point of Argument analysis
• Has misconceptions of Truth and Rationality
• Ultimately, uses argument stoppers rather than engaging in discourse.
o Examples of argument stoppers.
"Who's to say ....?"
"That's subjective."
"I would prefer not to think about what you said."
"I'm going to believe what I've always believed."