For each of the following examples, identify the type of unemployment.
a. Marty has been laid off from her job at an aircraft plant but expects to be recalled when the economy picks up.
b. Scott has just graduated from college and hasn’t found a job yet.
c. Kishore works as a lobsterman in Maine in the summer, but the industry shuts down in the winter.
d. Doug worked in an automobile plant in Michigan, but the plant was shut down permanently.