Problem:
Marcia Millman in her book, The Unkindest Cut (1977), when investigating mistakes made by doctors found all of the following except: Results that patients interpret as mistakes are not necessarily considered mistakes by doctors. When an unexpected death occurs during surgery, doctors tend to use neutralization and collective rationalization for dealing with it. Hospitals have instituted formal mechanisms for dealing with mistakes, for using errors as a source of education, and for investigating culpability. Doctors claim that it is usually the fault of patients when mistakes are made. In the face of mistakes, doctors will tend to band together to support one another.