1. Investigate on the Web the advantages and disadvantages of using a double-acting hammer (air or steam) to drive piles.
2. Why are leads used when driving piles?
3. A Vulcan model 016 single-acting hammer is used to drive a pile. The stroke of this hammer is 36 in. The average penetration per blow for the last 10 blows is i in., what will be the safe rated load using the Engineering News equation?