IN Operator
The operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below does not delete the rows in which the ename column is null:
DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename IN (NULL, ’KING’, ’FORD’);
Moreover, the expressions of the form
value NOT IN set
yield FALSE when the set contains a null. For illustration, instead of deleting the rows in which the ename column is not null and not ’KING’, the statement below deletes no rows:
DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN (NULL, ’KING’);
Concatenation Operator
The Double vertical bars (||) serve as the concatenation operator that appends one string to another. For illustration, the expression
’suit’ || ’case’
returns the value as shown below:
’suitcase’
If both the operands have datatype CHAR, the concatenation operator returns a CHAR value. Or else, it returns a VARCHAR2 value.