In each case use a diagram in your notes to determine the expected effects on the equilibrium price level (P) and level of real output (Q). For each of the economic structures described in a-j, give the effects on P and Q. (ie + or -). (Assume that all other things remain constant.)
a. A widespread fear of depression on the part of consumers.
b. A $2 increase in the excise tax on a pack of cigarettes.
c. A reduction in interest rates at each price level.
d. A major increase in Federal spending for health care.
e. The expectation of rapid inflation.
f. The complete disintegration of OPEC, causing oil prices to fall by one-half.
g. A 10 percent reduction in personal income tax rates.
h. A sizable increase in labor productivity (with no change in nominal wages).
i. A 12 percent increase in nominal wages (with no change in productivity).
j. Depreciation in the international value of the dollar.