In communication systems, the error probability P[E] may be difficult to calculate; however it may be easy to derive an upper bound of the form P[E] ≤ . In this case, we may still want to estimate P[E] using the relative frequency
n(E) of E in n trials. In this case, show that
![](https://test.transtutors.com/qimg/4e027b0c-9079-4eac-ac78-6042b15550e1.png)