In "Amplification in Service Supply Chain: An Eploratory Case study fro the telecom Industry", Akkermans and Vos define amplification to be the ratio of changes in the output (demand) to changes in the input of a process. In services supply chain, amplification is primarily mainfested by 1) increased inventory levels at the rear echelons of the supply chain 2) severe order backlogging and workload fluctuations 3) Value leakage 4) inadequate cash flow 5) none of these