Problem: In both articles (Chesbrough & Appleyard, 2007; Chesbrough, 2012), the authors mentioned the importance of intellectual property (IP) ownership and protection to open innovation (e.g., to help sustain open initiatives, to help scale things up to realize an innovation's impacts). In industries or places where basic IP rules are not available, such as marketplaces for services, especially experience goods (e.g., professional services such as legal or travel) or countries not normally honoring IP, could the open innovation model still work there without IP protection?