If a market begins in equilibrium and then the demand curve shifts leftward, a
a. surplus is created, which is eliminated by a fall in price.
b. surplus is created, which is eliminated by the supply curve shifting leftward.
c. shortage is created, which is eliminated by a fall in price.
d. surplus is created, which is eliminated by a rise in price.
e. shortage is created, which is eliminated by a rise in price.