Problem:
The lingering influences of scientific and positivistic criminology, particularly through the works of figures like Lombroso and Freud, are evident in contemporary criminal justice systems. Lombroso's theories emphasize the examination of innate criminal traits and behavioral analysis, suggesting that certain individuals are predisposed to criminality based on their biological characteristics. Meanwhile, Freud's psychological insights encourage a deeper understanding of criminal behavior, shaping rehabilitation initiatives within the judicial system. These perspectives underscore how various theories contribute to the formulation of policies related to sentencing, risk assessment, and crime prevention strategies.