Assignment
Part 1: Fluid & Electrolytes Handout
Answer all questions in your own words. No citations are needed for this assignment as the answers are located in your textbook. Ensure your answers are brief so they will fit inside each box.
1. Complete the table below
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Term
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Definition
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Albumin
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Anasarca
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Colloids
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Extra cellular fluid (ECF)
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Hypertonic
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Hypotonic
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Isotonic
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Interstitial fluid
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Osmolarity
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Osmolality
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Aldosterone
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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2. Which fluid makes up 2/3 of the body's fluid?
3. What is the purpose of fluid constantly move among ICF, ECF and interstitial spaces?
4. Which fluid is more likely going to be affected by major fluid shifts such as vomiting?
5. Define the following terms
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Osmosis
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Diffusion
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Filtration
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Starling's law of the capillaries
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6. Which gland secretes aldosterone?
7. When is the release of aldosterone triggered?
8. Which organ synthesizes ADH and which organ secretes it?
9. What triggers the release of ADH?
10. Is ADH involved in the renin angiotensin system?
11. Which gland produces and secretes cortisol?
12. What is the role of cortisol in the body?
13. How is cortisol involved in fluid balance?
14. What type of hormone is ANP?
15. Does ANP cause an increase or decrease in blood volume and B/P and how?
16. How can the nurse promote the release of ANP?
17. How is the ANP hormone involved in fluid balance?
18. How does the thirst mechanism control fluid balance?
19. Which organ controls thirst and how?
20. What is the BNP hormone and how is it involved in fluid balance?
21. Why is capillary fluid movement important in fluid balance?
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22.Fluid
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Example
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Uses
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Nursing Implications
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Isotonic
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Hypotonic
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Hypertonic
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23. Condition
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Assessment Early Signs
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Assessment Late Signs
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Type of fluid replacement
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Dehydration
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Fluid volume deficit
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Fluid volume excess
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24. Term
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Signs and Symptoms
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Treatment
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Hyponatremia
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Hypernatremia
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Hypokalemia
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Hyperkalemia
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Hypocalcemia
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Hypercalcemia
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Hypomagnesemia
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Hypermagnesemia
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Hypophosphatemia
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Hyperphosphatemia
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Age
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Risk Factors of fluid imbalance
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Nursing implications
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Infants 0 - 12 months
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School age children
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Adolescents
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Adults
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Older adults
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25. Of the five age considerations in the above table, which two are most at risk for fluid imbalance and what would be your nursing considerations for these patients?
26. Which patients would be candidates for fluid restriction therapy and what other diet restrictions would be implemented to control fluid intake?
27. Which patients would be candidates for therapy to promote excretion? What type of therapy would be used and what medications can be administered to promote urinary excretion?
28. How is protein intake involved in fluid balance?
29. How would you monitor a patient on fluid balance therapy (whether fluid restriction or to promote excretion)? Give five assessment parameters e.g. assessing for dyspnea etc.
30. What is the difference between respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis?
31. What is the difference between metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis?
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32.Disorder
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Clinical Manifestations
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Nursing Interventions
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Respiratory acidosis
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Respiratory alkalosis
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Metabolic acidosis
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Metabolic alkalosis
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Interpret the following ABG results:
33. pH= 7.40 PCO2 = 39mmHG HCO3- = 25mEq/L
34. pH= 7.30 PCO2= 70mmHG HCO3- = 30mEq/L
Part 2: Urinary & Bowel Handout
Please answer all questions in your own words. No citations are needed for this assignment as the answers are located in your textbook. Please ensure your answers are brief so they will fit inside each box.
1. Describe the following urinary elimination terms. Use the below table.
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Nephron
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Proteinuria
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Erythropoietin
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Renin
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Micturition
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Renal Calculus
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Reflex incontinence
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2. Define urinary tract infections and what are the key signs and symptoms?
3. Explain the following alterations? Use the below table.
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Nocturia
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Polyuria
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Oliguria
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Dysuria
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Anuria
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4. Describe the below common types of urinary alterations.Use table below.
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Condition
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Description
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Urgency
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Frequency
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Incontinence
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Retention
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Residual urine
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Hesitancy
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5. Describe the below conditions using the table.
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Condition
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Description
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Ileal loop or conduit
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Nephrostomy
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6. Name three medications that may cause urinary retention.
7. Name four ways to prevent catheter-associated urinary infections.
8. Define each and explain the purpose of the following. Use table below.
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Definition
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Purpose
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Bladder retraining
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Pelvic floor exercises
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Habit training
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Self-catheterization
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9. Your 80-year-old patient with dementia keeps urinating in the garbage can. What special measures should you take to assist this patient in finding the bathroom?
10. How does fiber affect diet and give two examples of good fiber sources.
11. What can the below characteristics of stool be indicative of? Use the table below.
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Possible Cause
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Clay or white stool
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Black or tarry stool
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Large quantities of fat in stool
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Hard, dry stool
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Pungent stool
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12. Describe the following bowel diversions. Use table below.
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Description
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Stoma
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Colostomy
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Ileostomy
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13. Use the table below to define the different fecal elimination problems.
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Constipation
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Diarrhea
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Fecal impaction
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Bowel incontinence
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Wheezing
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14. List three factors to consider when promoting normal defecation.
15.Describe the different types of enemas. Use the table below.
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Cleansing enema
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Oil retention
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Soapsuds
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Hypertonic solution
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16. Name three purposes of nasogastric (NG) tube.
17. Describe the primary function of each area below. Use the table provided.
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Mouth
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Esophagus
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Stomach
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Small intestine
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Colon
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Rectum and anus
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18. Name two major goals for clients with fecal elimination problems.
19. Describe what a fecal occult blood test is, why would one be ordered, and what could alter the test results?
Answer the following questions and give therationale for your answer.
20. Mr. Smith complains of leaking urine when he coughs and sometimes laugh. This is:
A. Functional incontinence
B. Reflex incontinence
C. Stress incontinence
D. Urge incontinence
21. Mrs. Johnson has a UTI. Which symptoms would you expect to be exhibited?
A. Dysuria
B. Polyuria
C. Oliguria
D. Proteinuria
22. Most electrolytes and nutrients are absorbed where?
A. Small intestine
B. Stomach
C. Esophagus
D. Colon
23. The nurse should be sure that the UAP knows that when leaving a patient on the bedpan they should:
A. Raise the head of the bed to a 90-degree angle
B. Raise the bed to the highest working level
C. Leave head of the bed flat
D. Raise head of bed to 30 degrees
24. The mother of a breastfed infant raises concerns about her baby's stool. She describes it as yellow instead of brown. You as the nurse explain that:
A. Her infant is dehydrated and she should increase the baby's fluid intake
B. The stool is normal for an infant
C. It will be necessary to send a stool specimen to the lab
D. A change to formula may be needed
Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
1. The answer should be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
2. The response also includes a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length.
3. Also include a reference page. The Citations and references should follow APA format. The reference page is not included in the required page length.