Prof Mufasta PHI208 Exam
1. What is Peter Singer's point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants?
That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias based upon species alone
That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any being
That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants because the results would be more reliable than tests on animals
That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a monster
Question 2.2. Kant explains that respect for a person is:
the recognition of the worth of the person's potential contribution to society.
dependent upon whether the person respects others.
both A and B
none of the above.
Question 3.3. Thomas Nagel argues that all rules of engagement should be governed by the utilitarian principle that
any means can be justified if it leads to a worthy end
the greatest good can justify targeting noncombatants
we are always justified in attacking the tyranny of the majority
none of the above
Question 4.4. Peter Singer's "basic principles of equality" applied to animals means:
Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings.
Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an equal consideration of interests.
Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans.
Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans.
Question 5.5. Which of the following does not describe the ways that chickens and turkeys are treated on factory farms, according to the video "Meet Your Meat"
They are raised in their own excrement among corpses of other birds
Some are so crippled from unnatural growth that they are unable to move
They are given ample space to roam and to express their own natural behavior.
They are often beaten with metal rods, which is considered legal by the industry
Question 6.6. According to Leon Kass, the drive to legalize euthanasia can be largely attributed to
the rise in a largely technical approach to healing.
an increase in our sympathy.
an increased respect for human dignity.
the secularization of modern society.
Question 7.7. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms?
They are allowed to scratch through dirt and grass looking for seeds and bugs in the fresh open air.
They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift their wings
They are starved into a period of ‘forced molting'
They have their beaks painfully seared off
Question 8.8. According to Aristotle, happiness is:
a contented state of mind.
as much pleasure and as little pain as possible.
feeling good about oneself.
a life that is lived well.
Question 9.9. Rachels claims that once it has been decided that euthanasia is desirable in a case:
a moral error has already been made.
it has been decided that death is no greater an evil than the patient's continued existence.
it has been decided that the patient does not have a right to life.
the amount of suffering of the patient becomes irrelevant.
Question 10.10. Aristotle claims that the function of human life is:
survival and reproduction.
service to the gods.
rational activity.
to pursue pleasure.
Question 11.11. In the article "War and Massacre," Thomas Nagel argues that utilitarianism
is primarily concerned with what should happen
is primary concerned with what will happen
is primarily concerned with theory over practice
is primarily concerned with universal justice
Question 12.12. Rachels argues that the conventional doctrine:
is self-evidently correct.
is not what most people believe, but can be supported by strong arguments.
leads to decisions concerning life and death made on morally irrelevant grounds.
leads to patients being euthanized against their will.
Question 13.13. Aristotle conceives of a virtue as:
a rule that tells you what the right action is.
a state of character that enables practically wise choices.
a positive self-image.
a way to gain as much pleasure as possible.
Question 14.14. What does Tom Regan say about the cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics?
The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals
It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately cruel
It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to each other
You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure
Question 15.15. According to Rachels, the "conventional doctrine" maintains that:
active euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but passive euthanasia never is.
passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active euthanasia never is.
both active and passive euthanasia are sometimes permissible.
neither active nor passive euthanasia are ever permissible.
Question 16.16. According to Kant, persons:
are rational beings.
must always be regarded as an end.
have absolute value.
all of the above.
Question 17.17. If the Ring of Gyges really existed,
Just people would use it for justice.
Just people would not use it at all.
Unjust people would use it differently than just people.
Everyone would use it the same.
Question 18.18. Robinson describes integrity as a virtue that has the
Excess such as arrogance and deficiencies such as weakness of will
Excess such as generosity and deficiencies such as weakness of will
Excess such as arrogance and deficiencies such as weakness of pleasure
Excess such as generosity and deficiencies such as weakness of pleasure
None of the above
Question 19.19. What does Noddings have to say about essentialism about gender?
It is the clearly false view that men and women have essences
It is problematic because it has been associated with creation and because it has always favored males over females
It wrongly assumes that God could not have made us in ways that were contrary to our ‘essential nature'
Culture is irrelevant; all of our behaviors are innate
Question 20.20. In the article "War and Massacre," Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism
is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism
can be used to justify genocide
is primarily concerned with what a person is doing
is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person's actions
Question 21.21. According to the video "Meet Your Meat", which of the following is not true of how animals are slaughtered on factory farms
They are driven in extreme weather conditions without food or water
They are often still conscious while being slaughtered
They are often roughly handled and severely injured by the time they make it to slaughter
They are ensured every means of avoiding fear and stress during the slaughtering process.
Question 22.22. What is Tom Regan's position about the use of animals in research and agriculture?
Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animals
Animals should never be used for medical research or commercial agriculture
Animals should only be used for medical research shown to be beneficial to humanity, never for agriculture
Animals should be used in both medical research and agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible
Question 23.23. In the excerpt from Plato's Republic, Glaukon suggests that people are good
only because they are powerless to commit injustice and get away with it.
because their conscience tells them to be.
out of reverence for the law.
because living justly is objectively the best sort of life.
Question 24.24. Which of the following does Tom Regan say about the utilitarian approach to animal ethics?
It is inadequate because it does not give value to individuals but only to their feelings
It is perfect because it does not allow for discrimination based upon morally irrelevant attributes like race or species
It is wrong because it treats human suffering as more important than animal suffering
It ignores everything that does not have enough ‘utility' and therefore does not take into account important things that it does not consider ‘useful'
Question 25.25. Which of the following would be an expression of rule utilitarianism, rather than act utilitarianism?
"It's okay to torture this person because it may save thousands of lives."
"It's immoral to torture this person because the pain it would cause him outweighs any potential benefits."
"Even if torturing this person right now might be beneficial, the overall consequences of permitting torture would be harmful, and so we shouldn't allow it in any circumstance."
"We shouldn't torture this person because we wouldn't want him torturing us."
Question 26.26. Robinson suggests that the more closely one associates with one's identity with a certain group, the more one will
Associate one's honor with defying the honor of the group
Associate one's honor with that of the group
Associate one's honor with that of the enemy group
Associate one's honor with the honor of prudence
None of the above'
Question 27.27. Jeremy Waldron argues that the current use of drone warfare is unethical because
it is conducted by unlawful combatants such as CIA personnel who are not subject to military ethics
it is conducted by individuals who are thousands of miles removed from targets
it may result in unintended civilian casualties
all of the above
Question 28.28. Which of the following does not happen in the "Meet Your Meat" to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms:
The meat is allowed to be "USDA pure"
They are killed for growing too slowly
They are generally given immediate veterinary attention
They are taken to slaughter anyway
Question 29.29. What does Nel Noddings say about rates of violent crime among men and women?
Men are naturally much more violence prone than women
Women commit nearly as much crime as men do; gender differences here are illusory
Men can be socialized not to commit crime, as seen in many eastern societies
There has been no clearly demonstrated relation between gender and crime rates
Question 30.30. What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements?
They tend to become narrower in scope ... zeroing in on the exact class that deserves moral consideration.
They tend to become wider in scope ... with people learning to apply moral principles to groups previously not considered.
They tend to become more discriminatory ... giving fewer and fewer rights to the less privileged.
They tend to discover that the original concepts in the past were superior and it is a mistake to veer from traditional wisdom.
Question 31.31. Kant claims that the moral law is given to each person by:
God's commands.
one's own rational will.
one's natural desires.
social conditioning.
Question 32.32. Most definitions of honor regard it as having the following two elements:
Internal and external
Subjective and personal
Constructive and deductive
Military and civilian
None of the above
Question 33.33. Glaukon begins by claiming that "those who practice justice" do so
Because they know it is the right thing to do.
Because they are compelled by their conscience.
Because they are incapable of doing otherwise.
Because all of the parts of their character are harmoniously oriented toward the good.
Question 34.34. Robinson argues that integrity should be regarded as:
An absolute value in all military activities
An absolute value in the honor group
An absolute value only on the battlefield
An absolute value only for noncombatants
None of the above
Question 35.35. This is one way that men can contribute to the destruction of sexual objectification of women
they can be kind to women
they can tell women that they are attractive
they can stop seeking attention
they can stop evaluating women based on their looks
Question 36.36. In the video "Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective," Jeremy Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use involves
total transparency and accountability
the assurance that only combatants will be targeted
the maintenance of a secret death list by government authorities
all of the above
Question 37.37. Rachels claims that when infants with Down's syndrome are denied necessary operations, this is typically because:
the infants have Down's syndrome.
the surgery would be too expensive.
the surgery would be too risky.
all of the above.
Question 38.38. What does Noddings say about male versus female language when opposing war?
Women are more likely to become emotional rather than rational when discussing such matters
Women and men use approximately the same types of language when discussing the horror of death
Men are more likely to speak in the abstract about violence; women are more likely to refer to their own hands on in helping victims of violence
Women feel that language is irrelevant; it is actions that count
Question 39.39. Which of the following are questions in the Bechdel test?
Is there more than one female character?
Do they speak to each other?
When they speak to each other, do they talk about something other than a man?
all of the above
Question 40.40. In his discussion of virtue and honor in the military, what does Robinson consider to be the relation between integrity and magnanimity?
They both should be pursued to the greatest extent possible.
The inner honor of integrity should always take priority over the outer honors associated with magnanimity.
Finding a suitable balance between the two helps prevent the excesses of each on its own.
The prospect of honors from one's peers is the only realistic motivation for a soldier to act virtuously.
None of the above.
Question 41.41. According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism takes into account the happiness of:
only the agent.
only the agent and those the agent cares about.
everyone, but weights the happiness of the agent more heavily.
everyone, and weights everyone's happiness equally.
Question 42.42. The conventional doctrine is endorsed by:
Rachels.
the American Medical Association.
both a and b.
neither a nor b.
Question 43.43. This product was pulled from Abercrombie and Fitch stores based on protests through a blog
lingerie
deep V-neck t-shirts
padded swimsuit tops for toddlers
yoga pants
Question 44.44. According to psychiatric studies, which of the following has been discovered about the relationship between criminal violence and childhood abuse?
Criminal violence follows childhood abuse equally in males and females
Women are more likely to commit criminal violence if the childhood abuse was at a younger age
When criminal violence follows childhood abuse it is almost always in males
No correlation has been found at all between criminal violence and childhood abuse
Question 45.45. Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception
might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things in general.
might indicate that the person simply has a different set of subjective tastes.
might indicate that one lacks a precise philosophical account of the beautiful.
might indicate an inability to express proper self-deception.
Question 46.46. Robinson agrees with Aquinas' idea that
Honor is a subjective quality
Honor is secondary to integrity
Honor must be displayed in action
Honor is secondary to magnanimity
None of the above
Question 47.47. What would best express Colonel Nicholson's (Alec Guinness) view regarding what makes a soldier, as expressed in the The Bridge on the River Kwai clip?
The virtues of a good soldier are consistent no matter the circumstance.
A good solider only acts virtuously when it benefits himself and his country.
The good soldier regards the enemy as having less intrinsic worth than one's own people.
All of the above.
Question 48.48. What, according to Noddings, do male philosophers tend to say about death (as opposed to women)?
Men are more brave in the face of death than women because of their natural courageousness
Death tends to be harder on men due to their attachments to the glory of this world
Women are more able to allow their faith in the afterlife overcome their aversion to death
Male philosophers often talk as though the world or reason and abstraction is superior to the physical world of the body
Question 49.49. In the video, "Drones Are Ethical and Effective," Kenneth Anderson argues that the use of drones is ethical because
it provides a greater separation between the target and operator
it allows us to maintain a list of high value targets
it is more precise than other forms of weaponry
none of the above
Question 50.50. How have historians tended to treat typically male tendencies versus typically female tendencies?
Historians value female tendencies more highly because it is childbearing and childrearing that enable the group to survive
Female traditions have been emphasized because they reflect keep aesthetic refinement and sophistication
Male tendencies, like mathematics, warfare, and even singing have been prized more highly
No correlation has been found at all between criminal violence and childhood abuse