Problem
In 1896, Westell Willoughby wrote, "There are in the individual no so-called innate or 'natural rights,' that is, such rights as exist independently of the State and beyond its control. In so far as the individual has claims upon his fellows to a non-interference upon their part with the free exercise of certain outward acts, such claims have no legal force except as recognized and enforced by the political power." How did this thinking influence American Constitutional ideas of reform and the legislation and court decisions regarding police power from the Civil War through the early New Deal? Think about opponents as well as supporters of this philosophy.