QUESTION 1. Based on the textbook description, what changes were taking place in the Christian community between 1050 and 1250?
After years of squabbling, the competing church leaders of Rome and Constantinople finally made peace with one another, reuniting the two organizations as a single, worldwide Church under the religious leadership of the Pope and the secular leadership of the Byzantine emperor.
In western Europe, a series of Popes consolidated and increased their own power within the Church, at the expense of both the lower-ranking bishops and clergy and secular leaders, like the Holy Roman Emperor.
The Christian world permanently divided along the same lines as the old Roman empire: a western, "Latin" church, ruled by a leader based in Rome, versus an eastern, "Orthodox" church, ruled by a leader in Constantinople.
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct.
QUESTION 2. How did religious change impact people living in Europe?
The rise of lots of new religious orders--the Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans, etc.--created an environment where lots of religious experimentation was possible, and the Church adopted new theological ideas previously considered "heretical," such as the translation of services into local languages and the ordination of women.
Because Christian rulers and soldiers were focused on foreign wars (the Crusades), it was a time of relative peace, freedom, and prosperity for non-Christian groups, like Jews and Muslims, living in Europe.
For non-Christian groups like the Muslims of Spain and the Wends of Poland, life changed dramatically as they were either conquered or colonized by Christians.
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct.
QUESTION 3. Based on the textbook reading, why were the Mongols able to conquer such a large territory under Chinggis (Genghis) and his son, Ogodei?
The steppe nomad tribes, including the Mongols, had permanently militarized societies full of what amounted to professional warriors, so they were really good at fighting.
Chinggis/Genghis was an unusually powerful and charismatic leader.
Under Chinggis, the Mongols were unusually unified--previously, the various tribes of Mongolia spent a lot of time fighting each other--and that unity persisted through Ogodei's rule.
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct.
QUESTION 4
How does the textbook describe Mongol rule in China?
Mongol rule was good for everybody--Mongols, Uighurs, Turks, Christian missionaries, Tibetan Buddhists, Muslim merchants--except the ethnic Chinese peasants, who made up the majority of the population and paid ever-higher taxes to support the empire.
Mongol rule in China was very insular; Qubilai cut off China from the rest of the world, ending trade along the silk road, expelling foreign merchants and missionaries from China, and building the Great Wall to stop future incursions from Mongolia.
Qubilai succeeded to the throne of Chinggis and Ogodei, and China became the center of a unified, transcontinental Mongolian empire that included central Asia, Iran, and eastern Europe.
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct.
QUESTION 5
What comparisons can we draw amongst the Mongol successor states?
The Ilkhans converted to Islam and were celebrated as the "new caliphs" by their Muslim subjects; by contrast, the Golden Horde adopted Christianity and joined the Orthodox church, allying with the Byzantine empire.
Both the Great Khanate (China) and the Ilkhanate benefited from a powerful ruler--Qubilai and Ghazan, respectively--but both Mongol governments were relatively short-lived, lasting less than a hundred and fifty years.
Three of the Mongol successor states--the Yuan Dynasty / Great Khanate, in China, the Ilkhanate, in Iran, and the Golden Horde, in Russia--built powerful, relatively stable empires that lasted for hundreds of years (almost as long as the Roman empire).
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct.
QUESTION 6
What happened in the Islamic states of the Middle East following the Mongol conquest of Baghdad?
The caliphate disintegrated into a set of small kingdoms and city-states without any centralized regime or ruler.
The Christian rulers of the Byzantine Empire expanded their zone of control, capturing territory in Cyprus, Syria, and establishing a Christian puppet state to rule Egypt from Alexandria.
Groups of steppe nomad warriors from central Asia--so not unlike the Mongols themselves--built powerful new Islamic states based in Egypt and Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).
Two of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
None of the above are correct