Problem
1) Understand the types of research and how they influence research today e.g. animals, genetic maps etc.
2) How was the Griffith Transformation Experiment performed, interpreted and the significance?
3) How was Avery's experiment performed and what was its significance?
4) How was Hershey and Chase Experiment performed and its significance?
5) Understand the complexity of DNA and RNA including packaging and structure.
6) Explain DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is by semiconservative mechanism..
7) Explain how DNA polymerase catalyse the synthesis of new DNA
8) Explain how DNA primase initiates synthesis of a new DNA strand
9) Explain how DNA replication in E. coli requires two DNA polymerases and several other enzymes and proteins
10) Synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is continuous on one strand and discontinuous on the other
11) Explain how In eukaryotes DNA replication occurs in S phase
12) Explain how Eukaryotic DNA replication contains different polymerase enzymes
13) Explain how Telomerase replicates the end of chromosomes
14) Explain the transfer of genetic material by;
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Hfr and F factor
15) How genes are mapped in bacteria by transformation and conjugation
16) Explain the Human genome project
17) Explain Alleles with examples
18) How do incomplete dominance and codominance affect an individuals phenotype
19) Understand the impact and be able to explain using examples of expressivity, penetrance and all the other inheritance types described in the lecture today
a) With examples
20) What is required in a vector for the manipulation of DNA?
21) How can we map restriction sites in a piece of cloned DNA?
22) How can restriction map be generated and what do they mean?
23) How can we express either the mRNA or protein encoded by cloned gene in a host cell?
24) How do we find a specific gene in a library of cloned DNA?
25) How can we identify proteins that interact?
26) What types of DNA polymorphisms are present in the genome?
27) Explain the central dogma and how it has modified over time?
28) What are the four main types of RNA molecules in Eukaryotic cells?
29) Explain in detail how an RNA chain synthesised?
30) What does it mean to say the terms; transcription initiation, elongation and termination in Eukaryotic cells and explain them?
31) How does transcription occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
32) How is functional mRNA produced from the initial transcript of a protein-coding gene in eukaryotes?
33) How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
34) What is the chemical composition of a protein?
35) What is the structure of a protein?
36) What is the nature of the genetic code?
37) What is the structure and function of tRNA?
38) What is the structure and function of rRNA?
39) How is polypeptide synthesis initiated on the ribosome?
40) How is polypeptide elongated on the ribosome?
41) How is polypeptide terminated in translation of mRNA?
42) How is gene expression regulated in bacteria?
a) The Lac operon and positive and negative control
b) The Lac operon and mutations
43) At what levels(s) is gene expression of a eukaryote protein-coding gene regulated?
44) How do regulatory protein control transcription initiation?
45) How does chromatin remodelling organisation affect the activation of gene transcription?
46) How does DNA methylation affect gene transcription?
47) How can variations in RNA processing result in proteins that are encoded by the samegene, but that differ structurally and functionally
48) How is mRNA translation affected by poly(A) trail length
49) How do small regulatory RNAs silence genes post-transcriptionally
50) How does a normal cell transform into a cancer cell.
51) What is the difference between a tumor and a cancer?
52) How does cancer relate to the cell cycle?
53) What is the evidence that cancers are genetic diseases?
54) What are oncogenes, and how are they involved in the development of cancer?
55) What are tumor suppressor genes, and how are they involved in the development of cancer?