Problem: How can the doctrine of national self-determination lead directly to violence? a. In practice, this doctrine means that the group in control of a territory will either reduce other groups to second-class status or eject them from the territory altogether. b. In practice, this doctrine will lead to ethnic cleansing because of its reliance on nationalism as a motivating influence. c. Self-determination does not lead to violence. d. Self-determination can lead to violence because the group in control feels a need to extinguish all those who are outside of the group.