Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. "Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws" is a definition of .
a. criminal
b. deviance
c. crime
d. criminology
2. The belief that crime is an antisocial act of such a nature that repression is necessary to preserve the existing system of society is the basis of the perspective on crime.
a. political
b. legal
c. sociological
d. psychological
3. The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as .
a. problem behavior
b. a violation of a law
c. an offense against human relationships
d. an antisocial act
4. Which of the following behaviors is criminal only when committed by a child or youth?
a. shoplifting a candy bar
b. drinking alcohol
c. joyriding
d. speeding
5. The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through .
a. the existence of shared norms and values
b. consensus
c. the general agreement of most members of society
d. a political process
6. is the field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences of crime.
a. Criminality
b. Criminal justice
c. Criminalistics
d. Criminology
7. Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the social problems perspective?
a. allocating federal funds to help states build and operate more prisons
b. a move to broaden police powers by increasing the number of exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
c. a government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income individuals
d. rewriting state statutes to increase the severity of punishment for violent offenders, such as three-strikes laws
8. This book recognizes that crime is not an isolated individual activity but a(n) event.
a. economic
b. social
c. deviant
d. political
9. An American visitor witnessing a crime in Japan may interpret the events differently than someone born within the Japanese culture. This is an example of .
a. intercultural perspective
b. politicization
c. social relativity
d. deviant perception
10. Ultimately, crime is a result of the coming together of inputs provided by all but which of the following?
a. the media
b. the criminal justice system
c. the victim
d. society
11. Which of the following is a background contribution by the offender?
a. a specific intent
b. a genetic inventory
c. a drug-induced state of mind
d. a peculiar motivation
12. The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to .
a. experimental scientific findings
b. social discussions
c. fingerprints found at the crime scene
d. information obtained from witnesses to the crime
13. The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways?
a. the association of their ideas with institutions of higher learning
b. publication in prestigious essays
c. the involvement of distinguished lecturers
d. the systematic collection of related acts
14. A(n) is a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.
a. theory
b. experiment
c. hypothesis
d. variable
15. Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?
a. Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use.
b. Increasing job opportunities will not reduce crime.
c. Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime.
d. Crime rates increased in the past year.
16. After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned a large number of big-city police departments and asked a number of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which
data-gathering strategy?
a. participant observation
b. case study
c. survey research
d. secondary analysis
17. After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study's major findings. What ethical issue applies here?
a. data confidentiality
b. protection of human subjects
c. informed consent
d. objectivity
18. In a research report, the is a brief summation of the findings of the report.
a. analysis
b. abstract
c. preface
d. review of the existing literature
19. Which submission requirement tends to be the same for all professional refereed journals?
a. the style of the references
b. the amount of the submission fee
c. a prohibition on simultaneous submissions
d. the method of submission
20. Early Roman law derived from the .
a. Twelve Tables
b. Code of Babylonia
c. Justinian Code
d. Code of Hammurabi
21. The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to
.
a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
b. John Locke
c. Thomas Paine
d. Thomas Hobbes
22. Which type of crime would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to recommend be punished through the use of corporal punishment?
a. inciting revolution
b. assault
c. treason
d. burglary
23. Jeremy Bentham's approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.
a. positivist
b. hedonistic calculus
c. common law
d. hard determinism
24. In routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a
.
a. suitable target
b. capable guardian
c. defensible victim
d. motivated offender
25. Rational choice theories have been criticized for .
a. an underemphasis on individual choice
b. a focus on biological bases of criminal behavior
c. an overemphasis on the role of social factors in crime causation
d. an overemphasis on individual choice
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a biological criminologist?
a. A tendency towards crime may be inherited.
b. Some humans may be further along the evolutionary ladder than others.
c. Individual free will is linked to variations in crime rates.
d. Biological differences between men and women may explain gender differences in crime rates.
2. According to positivism, how is valid knowledge acquired?
a. the exercise of reason
b. adherence to belief
c. rational deduction
d. observation
3. The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality is called .
a. criminal anthropology
b. phrenology
c. Darwinism
d. biological theory
4. According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor?
a. criminaloids
b. born criminals
c. atavists
d. insane offenders
5. The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized as the primary source of criminality.
a. psychology
b. ecology
c. environment
d. genetics
6. Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement?
a. territoriality
b. selective human breeding
c. chromosomal defenses
d. situational crime control
7. According to Konrad Lorenz, much of what we call "crime" is the result of .
a. overcrowded living conditions
b. neuroses
c. free will
d. body types
8. Which of the following is not a criticism of sociobiology?
a. It fails to integrate biology into the basic paradigm.
b. It does not identify the importance of culture, social learning, and individual experiences in shaping behavior.
c. It does not properly depict basic human behavior.
d. There is no rational basis for applying findings from animal studies to humans.
9. One concern with early biological theories is their dismissal of the concept of .
a. positivism
b. genetic determinism
c. heredity
d. free will
10. The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the complete sequence of
.
a. MAOA
b. XYY
c. RNA
d. DNA
11. Genes human action.
a. cause
b. produce
c. enable
d. determine
12. Which of the following brain mechanisms may be involved in aggression?
a. disease
b. food allergies
c. physical injuries
d. all of the above
13. What is the effect of stress on brain structure?
a. Long-term exposure to high-level stress can reduce cognition.
b. Short-term exposure to stress can increase brain development.
c. Stress does not have any effect on brain structure.
d. Long-term exposure to low-level stress can produce neuroplasticity.
14. What is the impact of sugar on behavior?
a. The current evidence is unclear.
b. Excess sugar consumption may lead to learning disabilities, which increase the risk of criminality.
c. Excess sugar consumption may be linked to crime.
d. Hypoglycemia increases violent behavior.
15. Which of the following was not listed by Wilson and Herrnstein as contributing to crime?
a. brain structure
b. personality
c. intelligence
d. age
16. The psychoanalytical concept of holds that a person may seek to reject his or her own desires or impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from his or her own consciousness.
a. repression
b. Thanatos
c. transference
d. morality
17. How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?
a. The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment.
b. The major determinants of behavior are seen as co-existing in the individual and the environment.
c. The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the individual.
d. There is no major difference.
18. is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial.
a. Correctional psychology
b. Selective incapacitation
c. Cognitive behavioral intervention
d. The risk-need-responsivity model
19. Which of the following risk factors appears to have a relationship to later violence?
a. psychopathy
b. hallucinations
c. delusions
d. a diagnosis of schizophrenia
20. What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior?
a. child physical abuse
b. hallucinations and delusions
c. child-onset psychopathy
d. early antisocial behavior
21. Which of the following is not one of the major principles of sociological theories of crime causation?
a. Social groups, institutions, and rules, as well as the arrangements of society, all provide the proper focus for criminological study.
b. Group dynamics, group organization, and subgroup relationships form the causal nexus out of which crime develops.
c. It is possible to predict the specific behavior of an individual member of a given group.
d. The structure of society and its relative degree of organization or disorganization are important factors contributing to the prevalence of criminal behavior.
22. According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?
a. a strain that is associated with high levels of self-control
b. a strain that is perceived as high in magnitude
c. a strain that is seen as unjust
d. a strain that creates some pressure or incentive to engage in criminal coping
23. The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves .
a. frustration or strain
b. biological factors
c. learned behavior
d. psychological traits
24. Some researchers suggest that theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.
a. strain
b. ecological
c. culture conflict
d. subcultural
25. Which type of theory has been criticized for being racist?
a. the ecological approach
b. social disorganization theory
c. the subcultural approach
d. strain theory
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Social theories assume everyone has the potential to violate the law
a. conflict
b. development
c. structure
d. process
2. theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
a. Social control
b. Social learning
c. Social structure
d. Labeling
3. The idea that the behaviors of others are observed and modeled is the basis of which of Akers' primary learning mechanisms?
a. differential identification
b. imitation
c. instrumental conditioning
d. differential reinforcement
4. Walter Reckless considers containment to be far more effective in preventing crime.
a. personal
b. inner
c. external
d. outer
5. Social bond theory postulates that .
a. criminal behavior is learned in the same way any other type of behavior is learned
b. crime occurs because the criminal justice system stigmatizes individuals, forcing them into a deviant lifestyle
c. crime occurs when there is a disparity between societal goals and the legitimate means available to reach those goals
d. crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken
6. Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
a. It has little to say about secret deviants.
b. It does not offer suggestions for institutional change.
c. It accounts only for the communication of criminal vales, not their emergence.
d. It does little to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
7. Which of the following is not a question that a life course researcher would ask?
a. How do life transitions influence behavior?
b. How do offending and victimization interact over the life cycle?
c. How do early childhood characteristics lead to adult behavioral processes and outcomes?
d. How do individuals make rational choices to commit crimes?
8. Which of the following factors would probably not enhance your social capital?
a. having a "clean" record
b. losing a job
c. graduating from college
d. getting married
9. Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that percent of cohort members accounted for over 50 percent of all arrests.
a. 6
b. 18
c. 32
d. 10
10. Which of the following is not one of the principles characterizing the consensus perspective?
a. the idea that laws reflect the collective will of society
b. a belief in the existence of core values
c. the assumption that the law serves all people equally
d. a belief that law violators are representative of society as a whole
11. Which of the following is not one of the basic principles of the pluralistic perspective?
a. the legal system is value neutral
b. the legal system is concerned with the best interests of society
c. society consists of many and diverse social groups
d. the law serves all people equally
12. Austin Turk and many other conflict criminologists see crime as .
a. an agreement among various factions within society
b. a natural consequence of intergroup struggles over control
c. the interests of those who hold social and economic power in society
d. a consensus of opinion
13. criminology consists of a proactive call for change in the social conditions leading to crime, whereas criminology is a way of critiquing social relationships leading to crime.
a. Critical; radical
b. Radical; pluralistic
c. Radical; critical
d. Critical; pluralistic
14. Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
a. Crime is seen as an act against the state and a violation of a law.
b. Offender accountability is defined as taking punishment.
c. Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility.
d. Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime.
15. In general, the main policy implication of social conflict theory is to .
a. create social action programs to reduce social disorganization which will then lead to a decline in crime
b. develop ways to influence personality characteristics which will cause crime to decrease
c. create programs to enhance self-control and build prosocial bonds which will prevent crime
d. bring about social change and redistribute the wealth in society which will cause crime rates to fall
16. The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is the.
a. critical criminological perspective
b. general theory of crime
c. selective disinhibition
d. subculture of violence thesis
17. Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide?
a. Two men meet in a bar and get into an argument over the Super Bowl, during which one man stabs and kills the other.
b. A man who regularly abuses his wife kills her during an abusive event.
c. A woman is tired of the loud barking noises made by her next-door neighbor's dog and kills the dog. The dog's owner kills her in retaliation.
d. None of these are nonprimary homicides.
18. The perspective on rape assumes that rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease.
a. feminist
b. evolutionary
c. psychopathological
d. biological
19. Which of the following is not one of the types of behaviors encompassed in child sexual abuse?
a. an adult exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit
b. an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor
c. an adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor
d. an adult exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification
20. A stalker who sees the victim as a soul mate is probably a(n) stalker.
a. predatory
b. intimacy seeking
c. rejected
d. resentful vendetta-motivated
21. Which of the following is not one of the major property crimes, according to the FBI?
a. arson
b. robbery
c. motor vehicle theft
d. burglary
22. Which of the following is not one of the main ways residential burglars generally select their targets?
a. they receive information from a tipster
b. they observe a potential target
c. they have some knowledge of the occupants
d. they make a spur of the moment selection
23. One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through .
a. security personnel
b. increasingly severe penalties
c. technology
d. warning notices
24. The 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act .
a. mandated the imposition of restitution when sentencing offenders convicted of identity theft
b. criminalized identity theft
c. increased prison sentences for criminals convicted of various types of identity theft
d. made identity theft a federal crime
25. Young children under the age of seven generally start fires .
a. for personal motives
b. accidentally
c. for revenge
d. due to underlying psychosocial conflicts
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Martha Stewart was implicated in the insider trading scandal involving .
a. ImClone
b. Arthur Anderson
c. Enron
d. WorldCom, Inc
2. Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud?
a. Ponzi schemes
b. insider trading
c. advance-fee fraud
d. equity skimming
3. fraud is any fraud connected with communications media.
a. Mass-marketing
b. Corporate
c. Mortgage
d. Environmental
4. Which of the following is an example of environmental crime?
a. the nationwide savings and loan disaster in the 1980s involving personal appropriation of funds by institutional executives
b. the cover-up of research findings about asbestos-caused diseases by several of the largest asbestos producers in the United States
c. the dumping of 11 million gallons of crude oil off the coast of Alaska by Exxon's Valdez supertanker
d. the class action suit against makers and sellers of silicone gel breast implants
5. According to John Braithwaite, the central explanatory variable in all criminal activity, including white-collar crime, is .
a. social class
b. learning
c. self-control
d. inequality
6. acted as a quasi-police organization in the Italian ghetto areas of American cities during the industrial era.
a. La Mano Negro
b. The Mafia
c. The Black Hand
d. None of the above.
7. The expansion of organized crime and their focus on official corruption was due to which event?
a. The Great Depression
b. World War II
c. Prohibition
d. World War I
8. The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing organized crime activities was the
Act.
a. Hobbs
b. BCCI
c. Organized Crime Control
d. RICO
9. Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime?
a. decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity
b. reducing the economic lure of involvement
c. increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
d. increasing law enforcement authority
10. During the late nineteenth century, which of the following people would have been most likely to be abusing drugs (other than opium)?
a. a servant
b. an upper-class merchant
c. an artist
d. a factory worker
11. The most commonly used illicit drug is .
a. marijuana
b. cocaine
c. heroin
d. inhalants
12. Which of the following would be considered an indirect cost of illegal drug use in the U.S.?
a. the cost of enforcing drug laws
b. the cost of incarcerating drug offenders
c. the cost to the criminal justice system of investigating drug-related crimes
d. the cost of medical care for injuries from drug-related child abuse
13. Which of the following is a drug-related crime?
a. snatching a purse to get money to buy drugs
b. using crack cocaine
c. selling marijuana to juveniles outside a middle school
d. buying drugs on the street from a low-level dealer
14. The Act required the complete removal of heroin from all medicines.
a. Narcotic Control
b. Boggs
c. Harrison
d. Pure Food and Drug
15. Which of the following is an example of the legalization of prostitution?
a. a state's laws are changed to permit adult women to offer paid sexual services without criminal penalty
b. a state's laws are changed to reduce the criminal penalty for prostitution and to require prostitutes to participate in counseling
c. a state's laws are changed to reduce the penalty for prostitution from a term in jail to a small fine
d. a state's laws are changed to reduce the criminal penalty for prostitution and to provide alternative employment programs for women involved in prostitution
16. Planting a virus is an example of which category of cybercrime?
a. computer-manipulation crime
b. telecommunications crimes
c. internal cybercrime
d. support of criminal enterprises
17. Malware involves .
a. software piracy
b. phone phreaking
c. computer viruses
d. embezzlement
18. Which of the following best describes the average hacker?
a. a 20-year-old man living in San Francisco
b. a 40-year-old man living in New York
c. a 23-year-old woman living in Chicago
d. a 35-year-old man living in Paris
19. According to the 1994 federal DNA Identification Act, the FBI is authorized to establish DNA indexes for all but which of the following categories?
a. offenders convicted of crimes
b. samples recovered from unidentified human remains
c. samples recovered from crime scenes
d. offenders charged with crimes
20. The first national police force to begin routine collection of DNA samples from anyone involved in a serious crime is located in which country?
a. France
b. China
c. Great Britain
d. Germany
21. A(n) criminologist is involved in the cross-national study of crime.
a. comparative
b. biosocial
c. classical
d. ethnocentric
22. Trafficking in persons is often undertaken .
a. to reunite families
b. to help people escape repressive government regimes
c. for purposes of sexual or labor exploitation
d. All of the above.
23. An act of terrorism is distinguished from a violent criminal act by .
a. the type of behavior involved
b. the motivation of the offender
c. the location of the act
d. all of the above
24. Which of the following federal agencies is not part of the Department of Homeland Security?
a. The Transportation Security Administration
b. The Federal Bureau of Investigation
c. The U.S. Secret Service
d. The Federal Emergency Management Agency
25. Which of the following is not a trend in modern terrorism?
a. an increase in cross-national links among terrorist organizations
b. a trend toward religiously motivated terrorism
c. a trend toward the involvement of terrorist organizations in non-terrorist motivated criminal activity
d. a trend toward loosely organized international networks