What motivated Pope Urban II to call the First Crusade, what did he hope the Crusaders would accomplish, what incentives could Urban offer Frankish knights and others to join the Crusade, and what DID the Crusades achieve [or influence] between 1095-1215 both in the Levant and regarding the overall status of Western Christendom during the stated period.
Finally, how did the Iberian Reconquista figure in shaping modern Europe [Europe after 1500]?