Explain why each of the following payments does or does not meet the IRS's definition of a tax:
a. Jack is a licensed beautician. He pays the state $45 each year to renew his license to practice as a beautician.
b. Polly Corporation pays state income taxes of $40,000 on its $500,000 of taxable income.
c. Winona pays $15 annually for a safety inspection of her automobile that is required by the state.
d. The Judd Partnership owns land that is valued by the county assessor at $30,000. Based on this valuation, the partnership pays county property taxes of $800.
e. Andrea fails to file her income tax return on time. She files the return late, and the IRS assesses her $25 for the late filing and $5 for interest on the tax due from the due date of the return until the filing date.