Explain diet from Lifestyle Risk Factors ?
The lifestyle factors are the way of living of an individual and comprise of the diet, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and stress. These are very important components in the risk profile of an individual and all of them can be modified or eliminated for prevention of Cardio-vascular diseases.
Diet : Diet is an important determinant of Cardio-vascular risk. The effect of diet is mediated through the influence of biological risk factors, such as lipids, glucose level, blood pressure and obesity. A diet high in calories and rich in saturated fat and cholesterol is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and CAD. Saturated fatty acids increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (also called 'bad' cholesterol) levels, the most important component promoting atherosclerosis. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids are good as they lower LDL-cholesterol. However they have an undesirable effect of reducing the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - also called 'good' cholesterol. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol without affecting HDL cholesterol. Hydrogenation of vegetable oils converts some polyunsaturated fats to trans-saturated fats. Trans-fats have more atherogenic risk than the saturated fats because they not only increase LDL cholesterol but also decrease HDL cholesterol. Additionally they raise triglyceride level and promote platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
While the amount and type of fat in the food is considered very important, the role of other components cannot be ignored. Animal protein increases the homoeystiene level in the blood and may contribute to atherosclerosis. Energy dense refined cabohydrates like sugar increases the caloric intake and excess consumption may lead to obesity and high blood sugar. Even in absence of overt diabetes, a raised blood sugar may cause endothelial damage because of formation of advanced gyrated end products. Excess salt in the diet contribute to development of Hypertension, a major risk factor for CAD.