Explain about chthalamus
The realised niche of Chthalamus is reduced from its fundamental niche and it is limited to the upper tidal zone
Lower limits
- Out-competed by Balanus for space on rocks/ Balanus larvae settle earlier and so occupy space on rocks CRLE
- Weakness in either concept CRLO
- Predators such as whelks inhabit the lower intertidal zone and may preferentially predate Chthamalus, excluding them from this area. CRL
Upper limits: as for fundamental niche but no comparison with other species. CU Eg, Chthalamus has a high physiological tolerance to dehydration/desiccation so can survive in upper tidal zone.