Examine the association between an exposure and outcome


Problem: In examining the association between an exposure and outcome, which of the following is true about a confounding variable? (Select ALL)

a. A confounder is a result of the exposure.

b. A confounder is not a risk factor of the outcome of interest.

c. A confounder alters the observed association between the exposure and outcome.

d. A confounder is associated with the exposure of interest.

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