1. With the arrival of Western political powers, such as the British, into the subcontinent India was forced to come to terms with the modern western world in a variety of complex ways. Describe how Indians confronted modernity in general and , more specifically, how they responded to the weight of a hegemonic European presence in the subcontinent. How did such a presence provoke change in Indian culture and religion? How did Indian intellectuals attempt to establish continuity with their ancient cultural heritage while still attempting to modernize? How has the
process of modernization affected the rise of Indian Nationalism?
2. Along with the theme of political fragmentation and consolidation another major thread throughout this course has been how the successive waves of N.W. foreign invasions have influenced the course of indian History. As diverse as such invading cultures may have been they have each contributed in some way to making Indian culture what it was and /or is today. In what ways have such invasions (excluding the Aryans) determinded not only india's past but the way we see and understand the subcontinent now? What did such groups as the Greeks, Kushanas and Mughals etc. bring to India that affected its cultural developments? Use at least 3 examples of N.W.