Question: An opportunity sample of 50 undergraduate students was asked to complete a series of personality questionnaires investigating the "Dark Triad" of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2005).
The average scores for each questionnaire and for each participant are recorded below. Each mean score ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 is low and 10 is high. The questionnaires record scores on "Psychopathy" (i.e., patterns of callousness, manipulation without remorse, and exploitative behaviour of others), "Machiavellianism" (i.e., manipulativeness, insincerity, callousness), and "Narcissism" (i.e., dominance, exhibitionism and exploitation of others).
The following data were obtained from the students:
|
Participant
Number
|
Psychopathy
|
Machiavellianism
|
Narcissism
|
|
1
|
7.44
|
9.13
|
6.50
|
|
2
|
8.89
|
7.77
|
8.87
|
|
3
|
7.07
|
8.28
|
6.20
|
|
4
|
7.17
|
7.38
|
7.27
|
|
5
|
7.80
|
9.62
|
6.00
|
|
6
|
9.23
|
9.52
|
9.13
|
|
7
|
5.09
|
9.72
|
4.32
|
|
8
|
9.65
|
9.57
|
9.32
|
|
9
|
8.55
|
8.42
|
8.55
|
|
10
|
6.58
|
7.02
|
6.59
|
|
11
|
7.38
|
5.95
|
7.32
|
|
12
|
7.77
|
8.64
|
5.20
|
|
13
|
7.18
|
7.97
|
7.21
|
|
14
|
7.82
|
8.02
|
7.80
|
|
15
|
7.89
|
7.67
|
7.83
|
|
16
|
9.51
|
9.78
|
9.60
|
|
17
|
8.38
|
9.78
|
8.38
|
|
18
|
8.34
|
5.95
|
8.24
|
|
19
|
9.41
|
8.74
|
9.36
|
|
20
|
7.23
|
9.34
|
7.23
|
|
21
|
8.99
|
7.08
|
8.76
|
|
22
|
7.84
|
9.53
|
7.65
|
|
23
|
4.48
|
6.70
|
3.56
|
|
24
|
9.03
|
8.40
|
7.89
|
|
25
|
7.40
|
7.44
|
6.93
|
|
26
|
3.93
|
8.83
|
3.85
|
|
27
|
7.24
|
5.46
|
7.24
|
|
28
|
6.79
|
8.79
|
6.56
|
|
29
|
8.71
|
8.28
|
7.65
|
|
30
|
7.58
|
6.37
|
7.42
|
|
31
|
8.88
|
6.14
|
8.88
|
|
32
|
8.15
|
6.37
|
8.20
|
|
33
|
8.11
|
9.91
|
8.00
|
|
34
|
9.07
|
9.16
|
8.90
|
|
35
|
7.70
|
7.03
|
7.12
|
|
36
|
7.14
|
8.42
|
7.23
|
|
37
|
8.76
|
9.04
|
8.69
|
|
38
|
7.74
|
8.38
|
7.74
|
|
39
|
7.45
|
8.96
|
7.42
|
|
40
|
9.27
|
6.88
|
9.21
|
|
41
|
7.50
|
6.39
|
7.48
|
|
42
|
9.80
|
7.67
|
6.56
|
|
43
|
7.43
|
8.69
|
7.43
|
|
44
|
8.36
|
7.09
|
8.32
|
|
45
|
8.48
|
6.06
|
8.51
|
|
46
|
6.97
|
7.13
|
5.30
|
|
47
|
8.79
|
9.71
|
8.71
|
|
48
|
8.38
|
9.10
|
5.36
|
|
49
|
8.09
|
7.48
|
7.98
|
|
50
|
8.50
|
7.35
|
8.23
|
Do Machiavellianism and Narcissism scores predict Psychopathy?