Question: Chapter 11 Development:
• Distinguish between the stages of prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, and fetal)
• Know the effects of tobacco and other teratogens on babies
• Distinguish between the cephalocaudal and proximodistal rules
• Distinguish between Vygotsky's and Piaget's theory of cognitive development
• Be familiar with the strange situation task
• Distinguish between Kohlberg's stages of moral development (pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional)
• Distinguish between Piaget's four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational)
• Know the definition of egocentrism
• Be familiar with the socioemotional selectivity theory
• Be familiar with the preferential looking technique
Chapter 5 Consciousness:
• Know what consciousness is, it's levels and the details and difference of consciousness's four basic properties (intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience)
• What is self-consciousness (how is it recognized ) and is it unique to human beings?
• Can thoughts be suppressed and how can it backfire?
• What are the two views of the of unconscious (Freud and modern and cognitive psychologists)?
• What does Freud mean by dynamic unconsciousness and of repression
• What are the two systems and how do they differ in the Dual Process Theory of modern cognitive unconscious?
• What is subliminal perception?
• What do we mean by altered states of consciousness?
• What are our circadian rhythms?
• Know the different stages of wake, drowsy, sleep and REM including EEG waves.
• What are our basic sleep needs (across the lifespan)and the impact of sleep deprivation?
• Know the duration of REM sleep during the first and second half of the night
• What are the three theories of the benefits of sleep?
• Be able to distinguish the different sleep disorders.
• What parts of the brain are active and inactive during dreaming?
• What are the five key components of dream consciousness?
• Understand Freud's theory of dreaming (manifest and latent content).
• What is Activation Synthesis Theory of dreaming?
• Know what psychoactive drugs are and the different categories. Be able to recognize the symptoms and effects of each category. Know what is included in each category.
• Know the difference between the terms tolerance, dependence (physical and psychological) and withdrawal.
• Review the Real World Impact of drugs and what is the Harm Reduction Approach.
• Distinguish between the different theories that explain how alcohol affects individuals.
• Understand how hypnosis varies affecting people and what it is used for.
• Distinguish between the 2 effects of hypnosis: hypnotic analgesia and posthypnotic amnesia
Chapter 6 Memory:
• Distinguish between the 3 ways to encode (semantic, visual imagery, and organizational) and know examples of each.
• Why is survival related information important to memory?
• Understand the Multi-Store Model(Atkinson & Shiffrin) of memory
• Know how long information is stored in each of our three types of memory storage.
• What is important for information to move between the three types of memory storage.
• Understand the specifics of sensory memory (iconic & echoic)
• review the key aspects of short-term memory (serial position, rote rehearsal, chunking)
• Why do psychologist now see Short-Term Memory as Working Memory?
• Understand the difference between working memory subsystems (Visio spatial, Phonological Loop & Episodic Buffer)
• What role does the hippocampus as well as synapses (long-term potentiation) play in long-term memory?
• Distinguish between retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
• What is consolidation and reconsolidation?
• Distinguish between the effects of retrieving information repeatedly and just studying the information repeatedly
• Understand retrieval cues (external & internal states) and how they aid memory.
• Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory and know examples of each.
• Know the definitions of procedural memory and priming and its effects.
• Understand the benefits and problems with collaborative memory.
• Distinguish between the 7 types of memory failure (transience [forgetting curve], absentmindedness [attention issues], blocking, memory misattribution [source memory & false recognition], suggestibility, bias [consistency, change & a egocentric bias], and persistence) and know examples of each.
• Why is emotional memory often stronger?
Chapter 7 Learning:
• Know the definition of the four phases of classical conditioning (acquisition, extinction, second-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery).
• Distinguish between unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UR), and conditioned response (CR). If given an example of learning through classical conditioning, be able to identify US, CS, UR, and CR
• Know what the Rescorla-Wagner model suggests about classical conditioning
• Know how learned food/taste aversions occur
• Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement, and between positive and negative punishment
• Know what strengthens and weakens the effect of punishment and the effect of reinforcement
• Distinguish between reinforcers and punishments
• Know how extinction is used in a classical conditioning experiment
• Distinguish between generalization and discrimination
• Know the area of the brain that is activated during eye blink and fear conditioning
• Know the definition of habituation
• Know the major pleasure centers of the brain and the direction that neurons pass through them
• Distinguish between fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules
• Know the study that Albert Bandura conducted
Chapter 11 - Developmental
1. _____ is the notion that the quantitative properties do NOT change (are invariant) despite changes in the objects appearance.
A. Animistic thought
B. Assimilation
C. Egocentrism
D. Conservation
2. Motor development during infancy tends to follow two main guidelines: the _____ rule, whereby motor skills develop from the head to the feet, and the _____ rule, whereby babies learn to control body parts closest to their trunk before moving to the periphery (e.g., hands and feet).
A. cephalocaudal; bipedal
B. cephalocaudal; proximodistal
C. proximodistal; cephalocaudal
D. bipedal; proximodistal
3. Darryl thinks that playing peek-a-boo is hilarious! He does not know where his mom goes during the game, but it excites him when he sees her face again. Darryl is most likely in Piaget's ________ stage of development.
A. Preoperational
B. Concrete Operational
C. Formal Operational
D. Sensorimotor
4. Eddie's neighbor Marjorie steals a laptop computer from another student in their dorm and makes Eddie promise not to tell on her. After campus police come to the dorm and question him, Eddie decides to tell them that Marjorie stole the laptop, because Eddie knows that Marjorie broke the law. According to Kohlberg, Eddie is exhibiting ________ moral reasoning.
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. unconventional
Chapter 5 - Consciousness
5. Self-recognition in a mirror is limited to:
A. humans over three years old, cats and gorillas.
B. Humans, dogs, and apes.
C. A few animals and children over 18 months old.
D. Humans over three years old.
6. All the following are four basic properties of consciousness EXCEPT:
A. intentionality: directed towards an object
B. division: inability to integrate information from all body senses
C. transience: the tendency to change
D. selectivity: the capacity to include some objects and not others
7. Freud described _____as a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts or memories from consciousness.
A. Thought suppression
B. speech errors (slips)
C. the dynamic unconscious
D. repression
8. Being fully awake is to quiet resting/relaxed as:
A. beta wave activity is to delta wave activity.
B. beta wave activity is to alpha wave activity.
C. sleep spindles are too rapid eye movements.
D. beta wave activity is to beta wave activity.
9. New smokers often progress from their first cigarette to smoking half of a full pack a day and just weeks illustrating:
A. withdrawal.
B. a placebo effect.
C. drug tolerance.
D. drug dependence.
Chapter 7 -Learning
10. Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1,000-hz tone due to its pairing with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone. Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____, and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.
A. a conditioned response; generalization
B. discrimination; extinction
C. generalization; discrimination
D. a conditioned response; negative punishment
11. Jess always feels hungry at 7:00 PM. Maggie decides to play a particular song for Jess at 6:59 PM for several nights in a row. One night, Maggie plays the song at 5:30 PM and Jess says, "Huh . . . I suddenly feel hungry." In this situation, classical conditioning occurred because
A. Maggie presents dinner before playing the song for Jess.
B. the song naturally causes Jess's stomach to growl.
C. Maggie paired a neutral stimulus, a song, with an unconditioned stimulus, a certain time of day, when Jess always felt hungry.
D. Maggie plays the song when Jess first arrives home and then waits an hour to serve dinner.
12. Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child-rearing practices. Some days, Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off, but other days she is punished. Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a ________ schedule.
A. fixed ratio
B. variable interval
C. variable ratio
D. fixed interval
13. Rayvonte, a recent college graduate, is impressed when his cousin puts his résumé on the university's job board and then receives many job interviews. Rayvonte decides to post his résumé in hopes of finding his first professional job. He most likely posted his résumé on the job board as a result of
A. latent learning.
B. observational learning.
C. vicarious conditioning.
D. positive reinforcement.
14. Twins Malcolm and Molly are learning to ride a bike. Molly watches Malcolm's attempts for several minutes and then tries to ride her own bike. During this process, Molly's mirror neurons are
A. never active.
B. active when she is watching Malcolm.
C. active when she tries to ride her bike.
D. active when she watches Malcolm and when she rides her own bike.
Chapter 6-Memory
15. When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is called:
A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. attention.
16. Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because
A. research-related information is stored in semantic memory.
B. the students' names are maintained in short-term storage.
C. long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
D. working memory allows him to continually maintain both sets of information.
17. Nora and Miles are studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.
A. maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
B. elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
C. procedural memory; semantic memory
D. semantic memory; procedural memory
18. Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
A. the recency effect.
B. procedural memory.
C. the primacy effect.
D. implicit memory.
19. If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent ________ memory but may have poor ________ memory.
A. episodic; semantic
B. procedural; explicit
C. semantic; episodic
D. explicit; procedural
20. Whenever Mandy gets angry with her boyfriend, she easily remembers all of the other times she has been angry with him in the past. Mandy's ability to retrieve this information is most likely influenced by
A. suggestibility.
B. state-dependent memory.
C. persistence.
D. context-dependent memory.