Problem:
Dr. Bingham is interested in a theory that states that babies prefer certain bold colors, like black and red over other colors, like green and yellow. She decides to conduct a study to examine the preference behaviors of 3 month old babies when being introduced to a new, unfamiliar toy. In particular, she thinks that the color pattern of the toy will impact babies' preferences for playing with that toy over familiar toys. She hypothesizes that babies will show a higher preference for black and red unfamiliar toys compared to green and yellow unfamiliar toys, because babies' preference for black and red colors should cause them to prefer black and red toys over toys of other colors. Dr. Bingham recruits mothers from labor wards of local hospitals in Los Angeles to enroll their babies in the study when the babies reach 3 months of age. When the babies participate in the lab study, they are taken to a room with 3 familiar toys and one unfamiliar toy. The babies are randomly assigned to one of two color pattern conditions: half are assigned to the red and black condition and the other half are assigned to the green and yellow condition.