Problem: Jerimiah comes into the clinic with back pain. He states he woke up two days ago with this pain. It comes and goes and sometimes it becomes very painful describing it as an 7-8 out of 10. He has noticed blood in his urine and denies fever. On exam he appears uncomfortable and restless. He reports a history of kidney stones in the past. You suspect he has another kidney stone.
Question: Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis).