Assignment
1. How were the ulama educated? What was their relationship to political leadership? What were their social roles? What role did the madrasas play in Islamic culture and civilization?
2. Discuss pre-1500 cultural developments in Spain. Why was Cordoba a model of civilized culture? What were some distinguishing features of al-Andlua?
3. What were the primary obstacles to stable rule for India's Muslim invaders and immigrants? How did they deal with them?