Problem 1: Anaphylaxis is a systemic (bodywide) allergic reaction in which capillaries become excessively permeable. This results in increased filtration and fluid accumulation in the tissues, leading to edema. Why is this condition life-threatening even if no apparent bleeding occurs?
Problem 2: Some people have too few receptors for the cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoprotein (LDL). As a result, cholesterol builds up in blood vessel walls, restricting blood flow and leading to high blood pressure. By what cellular transport process is cholesterol taken up from the blood in a person with normal numbers of LDL receptors? \
Problem 3: Sugar (glucose) can appear in the urine in nondiabetics if sugar intake is exceptionally high (when you pig out on sweets!). What functional aspect of carrier-mediated transport does this phenomenon demonstrate?
Problem 4: Plasma proteins, such as albumin, have an osmotic effect. In normally circulating blood, the proteins cannot leave the bloodstream easily and, thus, tend to remain in the blood. But, if stasis (blood flow stoppage) occurs, the proteins will begin to leak out into the interstitial fluid (IF). Explain why this leads to edema.
Problem 5: Hydrocortisone is an anti-inflammatory drug that acts to stabilize lysosomal membranes. Explain how this effect reduces cell damage and inflammation. Why is this steroid hormone marketed in a cream (oil) base and used topically (applied to the skin)?
Problem 6: Streptomycin (an antibiotic) binds to the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria (but not to the ribosomes of the host cells infected by bacteria). The result is the misreading of bacterial mRNA and the breakup of polysomes. What process is being affected, and how does this kill the bacterial cells?
Problem 7: Phagocytos gather in the air sacs of the lungs, especially in the lungs of smokers. What is the connection?