Assignment Task:
Academic writing often includes summaries, paraphrases, and direct quotes from the work of other authors. In text-citations are used in APA style for citing other works and to refer readers to a reference list. You should create an in-text citation whenever you summarize, paraphrase, or quote another work. Using in-text citations helps you avoid plagiarism by crediting the work and ideas of the original authors. This exercise uses the following article as a resource.
McBride, D. M., Beckner, J. K., & Abney, D. H. (2011). Effects of delay of prospective memory cues in an ongoing task on prospective memory task performance. Memory & Cognition, 39(7), 1222-1231.
Here is an excerpt from the article referenced above:
Delay effects in Prospective Memory (PM) tasks
The majority of studies examining delay in PM tasks have manipulated delay by changing the length of an intervening task between the PM task instructions and the trials of the ongoing task in which PM cues are embedded. For example, Meier et al. (2006) asked subjects to complete an unrelated questionnaire for different lengths of time after being instructed to complete ongoing short-term memory trials, with a PM task to respond to certain types of items in the trials. Subjects began the short-term memory trials after the questionnaire task delay without mention of the PM task. Meier et al.'s results indicated that PM performance declined with longer delays.
An alternative procedure for examining delay in PM tasks is to manipulate the placement of the PM cues in the ongoing task. In Experiment 1 of their study, Brandimonte and Passolunghi (1994) examined delay in PM tasks in this manner and found that the first few minutes may be vital to remembering to perform the PM task. In their study, subjects were presented with several blocks of a short-term memory task that contained PM cues either immediately after the instructions were given or after a 3-min delay, during which subjects completed a block of short-term memory trials without presentation of the PM cues. Results indicated that PM-task performance declined from the immediate condition to the 3-min delay condition, suggesting that PM forgetting does take place in this time frame.
One interpretation of Brandimonte and Passolunghi's (1994) results is that subjects cannot maintain active monitoring for PM cues beyond a few minutes' time. Monitoring is one of the processes purported to aid in PM-task performance (Einstein & McDaniel, 2010; Smith, 2010). If monitoring is needed for completion of PM tasks yet is difficult to maintain for long periods of time, then PM performance should decline with longer delays. Thus, knowledge regarding the maintenance of monitoring across an ongoing task may be informative in understanding PM forgetting across the length of an ongoing task.
Summarizing
When you summarize, you are pulling together lots of information and putting into your own words. Note that summaries are focused on the main points and are typically shorter than the original source. For this exercise, read through the above paragraphs.
What are the main points from this paragraph? (a bulleted list)
In your own words, write out a description of these main points.
How would you use an in-text citation in your summary to credit the source of the information?
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is similar to summarizing but on a smaller scale. Paraphrasing involves using a specific passage from the source material and putting it into your own words (similar, but not exactly the same). Paraphrased material is usually a condensed version of the original passage. Paraphrases must be attributed to the original source.
For the following passages from the paragraphs above, write a paraphrased version of each.
Results indicated that PM-task performance declined from the immediate condition to the 3-min delay condition, suggesting that PM forgetting does take place in this time frame.
Thus, knowledge regarding the maintenance of monitoring across an ongoing task may be informative in understanding PM forgetting across the length of an ongoing task.
According to APA 7th edition style, how should you write an in-text citation for these?
Using Direct Quotes
Using direction quotations is using the exact words that were used in the original source material. Generally, direct quotations are avoided (and paraphrasing is preferred) unless there is a particular reason to do so (e.g., reproducing exact definitions, when responding to a something particularly memorable in the source material).
Suppose that you found that the final sentence in the last paragraph is particularly noteworthy and you want to quote it directly in your paper. How would you do this following APA style?