Problem
a) Describe the initiation and spread of an action potential through the heart's conducting system structures. Identify the "pacemaker" of the heart. Define an ectopic pacemaker.
b) Describe the 3 electrical events of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells. Include the ions involved and their direction of movement.
c) Explain the renin-angiotensin system and its influence on blood pressure.
d) Compare and contrast how Aldosterone, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) hormone affect blood pressure.