Question 1: Describe the primary aetiology and pathophysiology of pressure injuries and link this information to the patient in the case study
Question 2: Describe the stages of pressure injuries and link this information to the patient in the case study.
Question 3: Explain at least two (2) evidence-based preventive strategies that the nurse could educate the patient about to prevent further pressure injuries from occurring and provide rationales.
Question 4: Using relevant links to the patient in the case study, discuss one (1) evidence-based nursing intervention and one (1) collaborative intervention that would be appropriate in the management of Mrs Sophie Green's pressure injuries and briefly explain how each will address the underlying pathophysiology of this health challenge.
Question 5: Explain all the questions with intext referencing throughout which is not older than 2018 and should be peer reviewed in APA. 7th edition and give 10 reference list.
Case study:
Mrs Sophie Green is a 72-year-old female patient and admitted into the hospital surgical ward presenting with stage 1 pressure injuries on both elbows (olecranon), stage 4 sacral pressure injury and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sophie has multiple sclerosis, completely immobile, has bladder and bowel incontinence and is severely malnourished. Sophie lives at home with their husband Colin who is 82-years.
On admission the nurse notes the following observations:
Blood Pressure: 101 / 60 mmHg
Heart rate: 110 bpm (regular pulse)
Respiratory rate: 24 bpm
Temperature: 39°C
Oxygen Saturation: 93% (Room air)
Capillary refill: less than 3 seconds
Level of Consciousness: Glasgow Coma scale 15/15, PEARL, Alert and orientated to person, place, and time
Skin: stage 1 stage pressure injury on both elbows (olecranon) and 4 sacral pressure injury
Pain score: 8/10 sharp sacral pain
Blood glucose level: 16 millimoles/ litre
Weight: 50 kilograms
Height: 175 cm
BMI: 16.3
Past medical History:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (on prescribed metformin)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) { on prescribed salbutamol and Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva)}
Allergies
Nil known allergies
Lifestyle habits
Used to smoke 10-20 cigarettes/day, but now reduced to 5 -10 cigarettes/day (attempted to stop smoking with no success)
Consumes 5-8 standard glasses of alcohol on weekends only
Denies illicit drug use
Familial History: Mother - hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Assessment Presentation Requirements:
This assessment item must be presented as a scholarly paper and include an introduction, conclusion, supporting research evidence, and a reference list. You must support your paper with a minimum of eight (8) recent (less than 7 years old) credible academic resources (journal articles, professional manuals and documents, textbooks) and a reference list. All sources must be correctly referenced in-text and in the reference list in accordance with APA 7th Edition referencing style.