Problem
1. Describe Malthus' theory of carrying capacity. Do the results from animal crowding research described in lecture or reading support or contradict Malthus' theory of carrying capacity? Explain your answer.
2. In class we discussed three theories to explain crowding effects on human beings: privacy, overstaffing [overmanning], and stress. For each of these theories, provide an explanation and an example of evidence from a study (from lecture or reading) consistent with each one of the three theories.
3. For one of the theories of crowding, generate some hypothetical data that would undermine (disprove or not support) the theory. Explain the logic behind your answer. Table/graph is recommended for presenting data.
4. Develop a design guideline to reduce crowding in a residential setting. As part of your rationale for this guideline, refer to one of the physical or design elements that research has shown to impact crowding. Explain how this research supports your guideline. Include all parts of design guidelines as outlined in the exam instructions.