Problem 1: A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is more commonly known as a hole in the heart. It is a congenital heart defect, which means that it is present at birth. In a VSD case, there is an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left ventricles. Because of this hole, blood can flow between the two ventricles.
Describe the direction and path of blood flow in a normal heart. Be sure to include the heart's four chambers, valves, and gas levels (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Indicate where the blood comes from when it enters the heart, and where it is going when it leaves the heart.
Problem 2: A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is more commonly known as a hole in the heart. It is a congenital heart defect, which means that it is present at birth. In a VSD case, there is an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left ventricles. Because of this hole, blood can flow between the two ventricles.
(a) In an infant patient with VSD, describe the relative concentration of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the blood leaving the left ventricle (as compared to normal). (1 mark)
(b) Sometimes VSD isn't detected until the patient reaches adulthood. List and explain two possible symptoms of VSD.
Problem 3: Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition in which the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection. An individual with bronchietasis can have occasional flare-ups of breathing difficulties. Cystic fibrosis is a leading cause of bronchiectasis.
Explain how a person with cystic fibrosis can develop bronchiectasis over time.