Problem 1: Define phosphodiester linkage. How do phosphodiester linkages impart an inherent polarity to the DNA chain?
Problem 2: For detecting and quantitating nucleic acids in agarose gel, what chemical/dye do you generally use, and what is the function of such chemical/dye in the nucleic acid detection process?
Problem 3: Define nucleotide and nucleoside. What are the weak bonds that contribute strongly to the stability of the double helical structure of DNA?