Cyber attacks are now a common element of international conflict, both on their own and in conjunction with broader military operations. Targets have included government networks, media outlets, banking services, and critical infrastructure. The effects and implications of such attacks may be small or large; cyber attacks have defaced websites, temporarily shut down networks and cut off access to essential information and services, and damaged industrial infrastructure. Despite being relatively common, cyber attacks are difficult to identify at their source and thwart, in particular because politically motivated attacks are often crowd-sourced, and online criminal organizations are easy to join. Suspicions of state-sponsored cyber attacks are often strong but difficult to prove. The relative anonymity under which actors operate in cyberspace affords a degree of plausible deniability.
Chose two of the three main topics below and follow the instructions provide for each. it should be in APA format
Topic 1. Cyber Weapons
Choose two of the four sub-topics below and describe how each may be used to achieve a cyber-attack. For the "Automated Defense Systems" describe how it is be used to defend against a cyber-attack.
- Malware
- Botnets
- DDoS Attacks
- Automated Defense Systems
Topic 2. Targets
Choose one of the sub-topics below and discuss an attacks that has been carried out against it, discuss it impact of this attack, and what must be done to mitigate future attacks.
- Government and Military Network
- Critical Infrastructure and Industrial control System
Topic 3. Actors and Attribution
Choose two of the two sub-topics below and describe their purpose and how each may use cyberspace or cyber-attacks to achieve their objectives. For the "Attribution Issues" topic, discuss the challenges we have in determining what was carried out by whom and the implication of these challenges.
- Nation States
- Politically Motivated Hacktivists
- Terrorists and Organized Crime
- Advanced Persistent Threats (APT)
- Attribution Issues