Question: Consider the flow of oil at 10°C in a 40-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 0.5 m/s. A 1500-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy waters of a lake at 0°C. Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0°C. Disregarding the thermal resistance of the pipe material, determine
(a) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake,
(b) the rate of heat transfer from the oil, and
(c) the pumping power required to overcome the pressure losses and to maintain the flow of oil in the pipe.