Repeated cycles of freezing of water and thawing of ice will cause copper pipes to burst. Water expands about 8.3% when it freezes.
A. Consider a copper tube as a capped cylinder that cannot lengthen or shorten. If it were ?lled with water, what would be the circumferential strain in the wall when the water froze?
B. How many cycles of freezing/thawing would it take to cause the tube walls to neck? Assume the tube is ?lled after each thawing. Assume n = 0.55.