Clinical manifestations of multiple organ dysfunction

Question

Part A:

Question 1:

a) Define Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and list its causes.                 
b) Explain pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with the help of flow chart.
c) Describe the management of patient with DKA with examples from your clinical area.                                                                                                        
Question 2:

a) Define Ceribrovascular Accident (CVA). Enumerate risk factors and classification of CVA.
b) Explain warning signs and clinical manifestation of stroke.
c) Discuss nursing management of patient with stroke.               

Part B:

Question 3:

a) Define status epilepticus.
b) Enumerate factors leading to status epilepticus (SE). 
c) Discuss drug therapy and nursing intervention for status epilepticus (SE).    

Question 4:  

a) Define subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).
b) Enlist its clinical manifestations and classification.
c) Discuss medical management and nursing interventions for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
                                                 
Question 5:   

a) Discuss classification of burn injury according to degree and depth of injury.  
b) Select a patient from your clinical area and calculate the intravenous fluid using parkland formula and explain its administration.            

Question 6:

a) Discuss the clinical manifestations of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). 
b) Describe nursing and collaborative management of MODS.              

Question 7:

a) State classification of donors and eligibility criteria for a live donor for renal transplantation.
b) Explain complications of renal transplantation.                       

Question 8:

a) Define Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome and explain its pathophysiology. 
b) Differentiate between Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrom and Diabetic Keto Acidosis.                                             

Part C:

Question 9: Place tick mark (√) against the most appropriate answer given under each statement.

i) Patient related causes of transient increase in intracranial pressure are all except:

• Coughing
• Hyper capnia
• Hyperthermia
• Suctioning

ii) Plasminogen activator is recommended for patients with acute ischemic stroke, when onset of symptoms is within:

• 3 hours
• 6 hours
• 9 hours
• 12 hours

iii) Cognitive deficit in stroke includes:

• Agraphia
• Nystagmus
• Ataxia
• Diplopia

iv) In locked in syndrome patient:

• Is awake
• Cannot move
• Cannot communicate
• All of the above

v) Osmotic agents given in increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) are all except:

• Mannitol
• Glycerol
• Dipyridamol
• Denilin