Classify the following innovation drivers as “technology push” or “market pull”. Very short explanations please.
• R&D
• Emissions taxes
• Subsidies for emissions reductions
• Performance standards
• Portfolio standards
• Mandates for adoption of specific technologies
• Subsidies for research toward new technologies
• Sunshine laws
• Grand Challenges
• Feed-in-tariffs
• Benchmarking competition
• Education policy to improve labor force
• Tradable emissions allowances
• Research Prizes
• Technology Deployment Incentives (direct expenditures, tax-related subsidies, etc)
• Patents
• Innovation Institutions (National Labs)
• Price setting
• Tax credits
• Emissions auctions